| Livestock Research for Rural Development 37 (4) 2025 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study evaluated the interaction between growth media and biopond types on the growth characteristics, protein quality, and fatty acid profiles of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. Two different media were used: Medium A, consisting of fresh bovine blood, rice bran, and fried snack by-product (1:1:1), and Medium B, composed of freshwater fish by-product, rice bran and fried snack by-product in the same ratio. The larvae were reared in 10 plastic containers (30 × 36 × 20 cm) and 10 plywood boxes, over a 19-day feeding trial. The results revealed a significant interaction (p<0.05) between the type of growth media and biopond on larval length and body weight. Larvae reared in plywood bioponds with bovine blood-based media showed the highest growth performance, with an average length of 17.9 mm and body weight of 0.33 g per larvae. A significant interaction (p<0.05) was also found for crude protein and ash content. The highest crude protein (42.27%) and ash content (6.13%) were observed in larvae reared on bovine blood media in plastic bioponds. Moreover, the interaction significantly influenced the biochemical profile of the larvae, particularly four amino acids (valine, glutamate, proline, and glycine) and three fatty acids (capric, lauric, and palmitoleic). These findings indicate that combining bovine blood-based media and plywood bioponds is optimal for enhancing BSF larvae physical growth and nutritional profile, offering a strategic approach for efficient and nutrient-rich insect biomass production.
Keywords: BSF larvae, morphometrics, growing media, amino acids, fatty acids
Protein-rich feed ingredients are often costly, which poses a significant challenge for the sustainability and profitability of the livestock industry. The increasing prices of conventional protein sources have raised concerns about feed security and production costsOne promising alternative to reduce feed production costs is the utilisation of Hermetia illucens, commonly known as black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, which are well recognised for their high nutritional value and ability to thrive on various organic substrates (Purnamasari et al 2024; Yusuf et al 2023).
BSF larvae can be cultivated using a wide range of organic waste materials, particularly agro-industrial by-products, which are abundant and underutilised. Among these, slaughterhouse by-products such as bovine blood and freshwater fish waste represent high-protein feedstocks that could serve as promising substrates for BSF larvae rearing. However, the use of fishmeal is not recommended more than 10%, because it will produce a fishy taste and smell in poultry meat (Dafwang et al 1980; Pieterse et al 2014), and due to concerns over palatability, regulatory restrictions (Schwertner 2013). Meanwhile, the use of blood meal is limited primarily due to its deficiency in essential amino acids like isoleucine and consumer acceptance issues regarding animal by-products (Luthada-Raswiswi et al 2021). Therefore, these two by-products are a potential source of protein for rearing BSF larvae.
These limitations highlight the potential of using such by-products indirectly by employing them as substrates for BSF larvae cultivation, thereby converting low-value waste into high-quality larval biomass. For effective cultivation, BSF larvae require an appropriate rearing system. One such system is the biopond, which serves as a container for larvae and their growing media. Bioponds can be constructed from various materials, including plywood, plastic tubs, or concrete, and installed directly on the floor or in tiered systems (Kaharap et al 2023).
Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the interaction between protein source in the growing media and the type of biopond used, as well as how these factors affect BSF larvae morphometric traits, chemical composition, amino acid profile, and fatty acid composition.
This study utilised a completely randomised design with a two-factor factorial arrangement, involving two media types with different protein sources and two biopond types. As a result, four treatment combinations were established, each replicated five times. The first medium (A) consisted of fresh bovine blood, rice bran, and fried snack by-products mixed in equal proportions by weight (1:1:1). The second medium (B) comprised freshwater fish by-products, rice bran, and fried snack by-products, also in a 1:1:1 ratio. Water was added to each mixture to achieve a moisture content of 60%. Experimental units included 10 plastic containers (30 × 36 × 20 cm) and 10 plywood boxes, corresponding to the respective biopond types.
The rearing of BSF larvae was conducted in Rumak Village, Kediri District, West Lombok Regency (8°38'43" N, 116°08'23" E). The larvae were maintained for 19 days until they reached the prepupal stage. Regular observations were conducted to ensure larval survival and assess the suitability of the growth conditions. During the rearing period, room temperature ranged from 26°C to 28°C, and relative humidity ranged from 65% to 75%.
The harvesting process involved separating the larvae from the growing medium using a sieve. Both the larvae and the residual medium were then weighed. The larvae were placed into labeled containers corresponding to each treatment combination. This study examined individual larval morphometric traits, including length, width, and weight. Additionally, samples from three replications per treatment were collected to analyse chemical composition, amino acid content, and fatty acid profile.
Proximate composition of the larvae was analysed at the Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Mataram, using standard methods outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2012). Amino acid content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fatty acid content was analysed using gas chromatography by adopting the method by Rozali et al (2022). Both analyses were conducted at the Integrated Laboratory Unit, IPB University, Indonesia.
The morphometric traits, chemical composition, amino acid and fatty acid profile data were initially organised and tabulated using Microsoft Excel. Subsequently, a two-way analysis of variance was applied for data analysis. A significance threshold of p<0.05 was used to determine noteworthy differences, and when significant effects were detected, an LSMEAN test was conducted to differentiate means between treatments. Data were analysed using PROC GLM of SAS (Der and Everitt 2001)
Our present result showed that the interaction of different growth media treatments and types of bioponds significantly affected the body length of the BSF larvae (p<0.01). Larvae raised in the A1B1 treatment have a longer body, while those in the A2B2 treatment have a shorter body. Differences in the media nutrient content can cause each treatment final results to vary (Syahputra et al 2023). In addition, it is suspected that the texture of the media, which is too wet, can cause the growth of BSF larvae to be less than optimal. The media with bovine blood seems to have a looser texture, so that it stimulates movement to pull and extend its body to be longer, while in freshwater fish by-product (A2), where the texture is rougher because there are pieces of fish heads and gills, which cause uneven distribution throughout the biopond.
An alternative explanation may be found in the differences between biopond types. Plywood bioponds (B1) can absorb water, whereas plastic bioponds (B2) retain moisture due to their non-absorbent nature. As Monita et al (2017) assert, maintaining adequate moisture levels in the growth medium is instrumental in fostering feed consumption by BSF larvae, thereby augmenting their growth performance. A similar finding was reported in a study by Purnamasari et al (2024), which demonstrated that larval performance was significantly affected (p<0.05) by the type of growth medium used, including mixtures such as chicken manure and tofu dregs, vegetable waste, and fruit waste. The study's findings demonstrated that vegetable waste as a medium for larval cultivation resulted in the most tremendous increase in larval body length and weight compared to alternative treatments (p<0.05). The average length and body weight of BSF larvae cultivated with different growing media and different types of bioponds are presented in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Average length and body weight of BSF larvae in each treatment |
||||
|
Treatment |
Body length (mm) |
Body weight (g) |
||
|
Media |
||||
|
A1 |
16.8a |
0.28a |
||
|
A2 |
15.5b |
0.24b |
||
|
SEM |
8.910 |
0.010 |
||
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
||
|
Biopond |
||||
|
B1 |
17.4a |
0.30a |
||
|
B2 |
14.9b |
0.22b |
||
|
SEM |
32.09 |
0.041 |
||
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
||
|
Media*Biopond |
||||
|
A1B1 |
17.9a |
0.33a |
||
|
A1B2 |
15.8c |
0.23c |
||
|
A2B1 |
17.0b |
0.27b |
||
|
A2B2 |
14.0d |
0.20d |
||
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
||
|
A1= bovine blood, A2= freshwater fish by-product, B1= plywood biopond, B 2= plastic container A1B 1=bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B 2=bovine blood and plastic biopond, A2B 1=freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2= freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM= Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
||||
The interaction between different growth media and biopond types significantly affected the resulting BSF larvae crude protein and ash content (p<0.01). The larvae from the A1B2 treatment exhibited the highest percentages of crude protein (42.3%), crude fibre (11.1%), and ash (6.13%), while the A2B2 treatment demonstrated the highest crude fat content (42.3%) (Table 2). These variations are attributed to differences in the nutritional composition of the growth media. The elevated crude protein content in BSF larvae reared in the A1B2 treatment may be related to the higher protein content of the medium itself (21.0%). Conversely, the elevated crude fat content observed in the A2B2 group can be attributed to the freshwater fish by-product media's high fat content (31.5%).
|
Table 2. Effect of the interaction between growing media and biopond type on the chemical composition of BSF larvae |
||||||
|
Treatment |
Dry matter (%) |
Crude protein (%) |
Crude fat (%) |
Crude fiber (%) |
Ash (%) |
|
|
Media |
||||||
|
A1 |
31.5b |
39.7a |
33.3b |
10.7 |
6.05a |
|
|
A2 |
35.0a |
34.2b |
42.1a |
10.2 |
4.60b |
|
|
SEM |
0.304 |
0.118 |
1.392 |
1.486 |
0.384 |
|
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
** |
NS |
** |
|
|
Biopond |
||||||
|
B1 |
34.0a |
36.1b |
37.1 |
9.87 |
6.03a |
|
|
B2 |
32.6b |
37.7a |
38.3 |
11.03 |
4.62b |
|
|
SEM |
0.034 |
0.140 |
0.481 |
0.497 |
0.253 |
|
|
Statistics |
* |
** |
NS |
NS |
** |
|
|
Media * Biopond |
||||||
|
A1B1 |
32.65 |
37.2b |
32.2 |
10.4 |
5.97a |
|
|
A1B2 |
30.42 |
42.3a |
34.3 |
11.1 |
6.13a |
|
|
A2B1 |
35.28 |
35.0c |
41.9 |
9.37 |
6.10a |
|
|
A2B2 |
34.8 |
33.5d |
42.3 |
10.9 |
3.10b |
|
|
Statistics |
NS |
** |
NS |
NS |
** |
|
|
A1: Bovine blood, A2: = freshwater fish by-product, B1: plywood biopond, B2: plastic biopond, A1B1: Bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B2: Bovine blood and plastic biopond, A2B1: = freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2: = freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM: Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
||||||
As Katayama et al (2014) demonstrated, the protein assimilated by BSF larvae from the growth medium is utilised to build body protein. In addition, the fat content in fresh BSF larvae can serve as an energy source for poultry consumption (Purnamasari et al 2023). In a separate study, Purnamasari et al (2024) found that BSF larvae reared on a mixture of chicken manure and tofu dregs yielded a crude protein content of 52.2%. In contrast, Alisha et al (2024) reported that a growth medium composed of 25% freshwater fish by-products and 75% tomato waste resulted in a crude protein content of 22%.
The current study (Table 3) demonstrated that the interaction between growth media treatments and biopond types had a significant effect on the percentages of valine and glutamate (p<0.05), as well as proline and glycine (p<0.01) in BSF larvae. The essential amino acid profiles indicated that the A1B1 treatment produced the highest levels of threonine (1.50%), valine (2.42%), phenylalanine (1.62%), and tryptophan (0.10%). The A1B2 treatment resulted in the highest levels of leucine (3.27%), histidine (2.00%), lysine (2.05%), and tryptophan (0.10%). Conversely, the A2B2 treatment resulted in the highest levels of methionine (0.34%), isoleucine (2.90%), and tryptophan (0.10%). About non-essential amino acids (Table 4), the A1B 1 treatment produced the highest percentages of aspartate (3.11%), serine (1.59%), glutamate (5.11%), proline (2.42%), glycine (2.19%), alanine (4.18%), cystine (0.32%), and tyrosine (1.88%). Conversely, the A1B2 treatment was found to have the highest arginine content (1.44%).
|
Table 3. Effect of interaction between growing media and biopond type on the essential amino acid content of BSF larvae |
|||||||||||
|
Treatment |
Threonine (%) |
Valine (%) |
Methionine |
Isoleucine |
Leucine (%) |
Phenylalanine |
Histidine (%) |
Lysine (%) |
Tryptophan (%) |
||
|
Media |
|||||||||||
|
A1 |
1.44a |
2.33a |
0.29 |
2.83 |
3.19 |
1.55a |
1.98 |
1.90 |
0.10 |
||
|
A2 |
1.18b |
1.76b |
0.29 |
2.64 |
3.00 |
1.20b |
1.78 |
1.80 |
0.09 |
||
|
SEM |
0.035 |
0.050 |
0.030 |
0.098 |
0.116 |
0.036 |
0.064 |
0.081 |
0.003 |
||
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
NS |
NS |
NS |
** |
NS |
NS |
NS |
||
|
Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
B1 |
1.33 |
2.03 |
0.27 |
2.58 |
2.95 |
1.40 |
1.85 |
1.7 |
0.09 |
||
|
B2 |
1.30 |
2.06 |
0.31 |
2.87 |
3.24 |
1.36 |
1.91 |
1.9 |
0.10 |
||
|
SEM |
0.002 |
0.002 |
0.006 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.004 |
0.01 |
0.11 |
0.0001 |
||
|
Statistics |
0.61 |
0.72 |
0.31 |
0.07 |
0.12 |
0.48 |
0.50 |
0.13 |
0.22 |
||
|
Media*Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
A1B1 |
1.50 |
2.42a |
0.29 |
2.80 |
3.12 |
1.62 |
1.95 |
1.87 |
0.10 |
||
|
A1B2 |
1.38 |
2.25a |
0.29 |
2.86 |
3.27 |
1.48 |
2.00 |
2.05 |
0.10 |
||
|
A2B1 |
1.15 |
1.65b |
0.24 |
2.37 |
2.78 |
1.17 |
1.74 |
1.71 |
0.09 |
||
|
A2B2 |
1.22 |
1.87b |
0.34 |
2.90 |
3.22 |
1.24 |
1.82 |
1.92 |
0.10 |
||
|
Statistics |
NS |
* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
||
|
A1: Bovine blood, A2: = freshwater fish by-product, B1: plywood biopond, B2: plastic biopond, A1B1: Bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B2: RPH waste protein and plastic biopond, A2B1: = freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2: = freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM: Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
|||||||||||
|
Table 4. Effect of interaction between growing media and biopond type on the non-essential amino acid content of BSF larvae |
|||||||||||
|
Treatment |
Aspartic |
Serine |
Glutamate |
Proline |
Glycine |
Alanine |
Cystine |
Tyrosine |
Arginine |
||
|
Media |
|||||||||||
|
A1 |
3.04a |
1.53a |
4.71a |
2.35a |
2.04a |
4.00a |
0.29 |
1.80a |
1.44 |
||
|
A2 |
2.16b |
1.26b |
3.31b |
1.90b |
1.66b |
2.77b |
0.23 |
1.19b |
1.30 |
||
|
SEM |
0.055 |
0.034 |
0.167 |
0.045 |
0.055 |
0.159 |
0.030 |
0.045 |
0.061 |
||
|
Statistics |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
NS |
** |
NS |
||
|
Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
B1 |
2.59 |
1.40 |
4.12 |
2.08 |
1.86 |
3.37 |
0.24 |
1.52 |
1.34 |
||
|
B2 |
2.60 |
1.39 |
3.90 |
2.17 |
1.84 |
3.40 |
0.28 |
1.47 |
1.40 |
||
|
SEM |
0.055 |
0.034 |
0.167 |
0.045 |
0.055 |
0.159 |
0.030 |
0.045 |
0.061 |
||
|
Statistics |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
||
|
Media*Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
A1B1 |
3.11 |
1.59 |
5.11a |
2.42a |
2.19a |
4.18 |
0.32 |
1.88 |
1.43 |
||
|
A1B2 |
2.97 |
1.48 |
4.30b |
2.28a |
1.90b |
3.81 |
0.27 |
1.71 |
1.44 |
||
|
A2B1 |
2.09 |
1.22 |
3.12c |
1.74c |
1.54c |
2.55 |
0.16 |
1.15 |
1.25 |
||
|
A2B2 |
2.23 |
1.30 |
3.05c |
2.06b |
1.78bc |
2.99 |
0.29 |
1.23 |
1.35 |
||
|
Statistics |
NS |
NS |
* |
** |
** |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
||
|
A1: Bovine blood, A2: = freshwater fish by-product, B1: plywood biopond, B2: plastic biopond, A1B1: Bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B2: RPH waste protein and plastic biopond, A2B1: = freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2: = freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM: Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
|||||||||||
These variations in amino acid content among treatments are attributed to differences in the nutritional composition of the growth media. It has been demonstrated that protein-rich media enhance the amino acid content in BSF larvae, whereas protein-deficient media limit amino acid availability, as BSF larvae cannot synthesise all amino acids in sufficient quantities. Freshwater fish by-products contain proteins rich in essential and non-essential amino acids, particularly components such as heads, scales, bones, and skin. These parts are commonly utilised in the food industry to produce gelatin and collagen (Gómez-Guillén and Montero 2006).
Each amino acid plays a distinct role in the growth of poultry. For instance, methionine and lysine are critical in poultry diets, as they support muscle development and promote weight gain in superior native chickens (KUB local strain) (Mudarsep et al 2021). In a related study, Lalander et al (2019) reported that BSF larvae cultivated on poultry manure contained 59.5 g kg-1 of lysine and 20.5 g kg-1 of methionine.
The study revealed a significant interaction between growth media types and biopond types (p<0.05), with a corresponding effect on the percentage of lauric acid, as well as capric and palmitoleic acids (p<0.01, Table 5). The saturated fatty acid profile of BSF larvae demonstrated that the A1B1 treatment yielded the highest percentages of butyrate (0.06%), capric (0.48%), laurate (25.57%), myristate (5.05%), and pentadecanoate (0.07%). The A2B1 treatment also yielded a high percentage of butyrate (0.06%), while the A2B2 treatment produced the highest concentrations of butyrate (0.06%), pentadecanoate (0.07%), palmitate (23.62%), heptadecanoate (0.09%), stearate (3.08%), and arachidate (0.13%). Concerning unsaturated fatty acids (Table 6), the A1B2 treatment yielded the highest oleate content (24.80%). Conversely, the A2B2 treatment exhibited the highest percentages of myristoleate (0.06%), palmitoleate (1.85%), elaidate (0.12%), linoleate (11.97%), and linolenate (0.39%).
The fatty acid content of BSF larvae is derived from the fat present in the growth medium, which is digested with lipase enzymes within the larvae. It has been determined that BSF larvae contain a diverse profile of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids. Purnaningtyas (2022) posits that lauric and oleic acids are pivotal in providing energy. Furthermore, palmitic and oleic acids are considered prospective raw materials for biodiesel production.
|
Table 5. Effect of interaction between growing media and biopond type on the saturated fatty acid content of BSF larvae |
||||||||||
|
Treatment |
Butyric |
Capric |
Lauric |
Myristic |
Pentadecanoic |
Palmitic |
Heptadecanoic |
Stearic |
Arachidic |
|
|
Media |
||||||||||
|
A1 |
0.05 |
0.41b |
21.9a |
4.69a |
0.07 |
22.6 |
0.07 |
2.38b |
0.10 |
|
|
A2 |
0.06 |
0.45a |
20.4b |
4.44b |
0.06 |
22.8 |
0.08 |
2.95a |
0.12 |
|
|
SEM |
0.007 |
0.006 |
0.444 |
0.115 |
0.002 |
0.430 |
0.004 |
0.054 |
0.008 |
|
|
Statistics |
NS |
** |
* |
* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
** |
NS |
|
|
Biopond |
||||||||||
|
B1 |
0.06 |
0.48a |
23.8a |
4.84a |
0.06 |
22.0a |
0.07 |
2.51b |
0.10 |
|
|
B2 |
0.05 |
0.38b |
18.4b |
4.30b |
0.07 |
23.3b |
0.08 |
2.82a |
0.12 |
|
|
SEM |
0.007 |
0.006 |
0.444 |
0.115 |
0.002 |
0.430 |
0.004 |
0.054 |
0.008 |
|
|
Statistics |
NS |
** |
** |
** |
NS |
* |
NS |
** |
NS |
|
|
Media*Biopond |
||||||||||
|
A1B1 |
0.06 |
0.48a |
25.6a |
5.05 |
0.07 |
22.1 |
0.07 |
2.22 |
0.09 |
|
|
A1B2 |
0.05 |
0.33c |
18.2c |
4.34 |
0.06a |
23.0 |
0.08 |
2.55 |
0.11 |
|
|
A2B1 |
0.06 |
0.47a |
22.1b |
4.63 |
0.06a |
21.9 |
0.08 |
2.81 |
0.11 |
|
|
A2B2 |
0.06 |
0.42b |
18.6c |
4.26 |
0.07b |
23.6 |
0.09 |
3.08 |
0.13 |
|
|
Statistics |
NS |
** |
* |
NS |
* |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
|
|
A1: Bovine blood, A2: = freshwater fish by-product, B1: plywood biopond, B2: plastic biopond, A1B1: Bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B2: RPH waste protein and plastic biopond, A2B1: = freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2: = freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM: Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
||||||||||
|
Table 6. Effect of interaction between growing media and biopond type on the unsaturated fatty acid content of BSF larvae |
|||||||||||
|
Treatment |
Myristoleic |
Palmitoleic |
Elaidic |
Oleic |
Linoleic |
Linolenic |
|||||
|
Media |
|||||||||||
|
A1 |
0.05 |
1.16b |
0.09 |
22.8b |
10.1 |
0.22b |
|||||
|
A2 |
0.05 |
1.67a |
0.11 |
24.2a |
11.6 |
0.39a |
|||||
|
SEM |
0.0003 |
0.79 |
0.002 |
5.95 |
6.38 |
0.08 |
|||||
|
Statistics |
0.15 |
0.001** |
0.001** |
0.02* |
0.14 |
0.0007** |
|||||
|
Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
B1 |
0.05 |
1.34b |
0.10 |
21.9b |
9.75b |
0.27 |
|||||
|
B2 |
0.06 |
1.50a |
0.10 |
25.2a |
12.0a |
0.34 |
|||||
|
SEM |
0.0003 |
0.08 |
0.0001 |
31.27 |
14.67 |
0.01 |
|||||
|
Statistics |
0.15 |
0.01* |
0.39 |
0.0002** |
0.03* |
0.07 |
|||||
|
Media*Biopond |
|||||||||||
|
A1B1 |
0.04 |
1.18c |
0.09 |
20.9 |
8.30 |
0.16 |
|||||
|
A1B2 |
0.05 |
1.15c |
0.08 |
24.8 |
12.0 |
0.28 |
|||||
|
A2B1 |
0.05 |
1.49b |
0.10 |
23.0 |
11.2 |
0.38 |
|||||
|
A2B2 |
0.06 |
1.85a |
0.12 |
25.5 |
12.0 |
0.39 |
|||||
|
statistics |
0.61 |
0.004** |
0.06 |
0.20 |
0.15 |
0.11 |
|||||
|
A1: Bovine blood, A2: = freshwater fish by-product, B1: plywood biopond, B2: plastic biopond, A1B1: Bovine blood and plywood biopond, A1B2: Bovine blood and plastic biopond, A2B1: = freshwater fish by-product and plywood biopond, A2B2: = freshwater fish by-product and plastic biopond, SEM: Standard Error of the Mean a, b, cDifferent superscripts in the columns indicate differences at p<0.05 |
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Fatty acids fulfil pivotal functions in poultry nutrition, operating as energy sources, aiding metabolic functions, enhancing health, and elevating the quality of animal products, including meat and eggs. It is evident that unsaturated fatty acids, specifically omega-3 (linolenic), omega-6 (linoleic), and omega-9 (oleic), have been demonstrated to be of particular benefit to poultry. It is therefore recommended that these acids be incorporated into feed formulations. These unsaturated fatty acids are more readily digested than saturated fatty acids, which may increase productivity and improve feed efficiency.
In conclusion, BSF larvae reared in bovine blood-based media within plywood bioponds exhibited superior length and weight, highlighting the synergistic effect of this specific combination. Furthermore, this interaction also had a marked influence on the biochemical composition of the larvae, with elevated levels of crude protein, ash content and key amino acids (valine, glutamate, proline, and glycine), as well as fatty acids (capric, lauric, and palmitoleic acids). These findings emphasise optimising substrate composition and cultivation infrastructure to maximise BSF larvae productivity and nutritional value in sustainable waste-to-protein systems.
We sincerely thank the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM), University of Mataram, for fully funding this research through the 2024 PNBP scheme.
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