| Livestock Research for Rural Development 35 (12) 2023 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
Palm kernel cake, an abundant source of energy feed in Indonesia, has not been optimally utilized due to its high crude fiber content, which affects the metabolic energy value in broiler chickens. This research aims to analyze and compare the metabolic energy value and flow rate of palm kernel cake before and after undergoing hydrolysis in broiler chickens. The experiment was designed and analyzed used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications, namely RB: Rice bran, PKC: Palm kernel cake, and HPKC: hydrolysis palm kernel cake. The results showed that the administration of HPKC had a significant effect on rice bran on dry matter digestibility and had a significant effect on PKC on protein digestibility, while on the metabolic energy value, administration of HPKC had a significant effect on PKC and had a very real influence on rice bran in terms of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME). Processing palm kernel meal by hydrolysis can improve feed flow rate, nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME).
Keywords: broiler chikens, energy metabolish, palm kernel hydrolysis
Palm kernel hydrolysis (HPKC) is a processed product derived from palm kernel cake (PKC), which focuses on increasing the energy-protein content by minimizing the fiber content found in the shell. The hydrolysis method used to reduce the shell content of palm kernel cake (PKC) involves breaking down simple molecules in the material due to the chemical binding of water (Aniriani et al 2018). Palm kernel hydrolysis (HPKC) contains simpler cell wall structures compared to local palm kernel cake (PKC), allowing its use in broiler chicken feed at levels of up to 10%.
Nutrient digestibility and metabolic energy value are essential factors to determine the digestibility of components in broiler chicken diets. Metabolic energy has become a common standard in measuring energy availability in broiler chickens and other poultry (Leeson and Summer 2001). The metabolic energy value of feed ingredients for livestock can vary (Haryono and Ujianto 2000). According to McDonald et al (2002), when determining metabolic energy, corrections should be made for nitrogen retention because the ability of livestock to utilize gross energy and crude protein can vary. Nitrogen retention reflects the efficiency of protein utilization in broiler chickens. The calculation of protein retention is carried out to determine the digestibility of the protein content in a food ingredient. Differences in the metabolic energy value of livestock feed ingredients are caused by variations in protein and crude fiber content. The lower the crude protein content or the higher the crude fiber content, the lower the metabolic energy value (Wibawa 2014). Sundu et al (2005) reported that Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) has a variable metabolic energy ranging from 1479 kcal/kg to 2260 kcal/kg. The metabolic energy content of fine bran in the NRC table (1971) is 1,630 kcal/kg with a protein content of 13.5%. Zablan et al (1963) reported that fine bran from the Philippines has a metabolic energy content of 1,459.7 kcal/kg.
Generally, feed ingredients with low quality can affect nutrient digestibility in the poultry digestive tract, resulting in low metabolic energy values. The ultimate aim of this research is to analyze the nutrient digestibility and metabolic energy of palm kernel cake with and without hydrolysis in broiler chickens.
Experimental Procedures This research utilized male Cobb broiler chickens that had been vaccinated against hatchery diseases such as Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis, and Infectious Bursal Diseases at 5 weeks of age. Metabolic energy measurements were conducted on 20 chickens with an average weight of 2.4 kg. The data analysis employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments used were RB: rice bran, PKC: palm kernel cake, and KPKC: hydrolyzed palm kernel cake.
Metabolic energy measurements were performed using a modified Sibbald method (1980) and Farral. Fifteen chickens were initially weighed, followed by a one-week adaptation phase. Subsequently, the chickens were reweighed and placed in 12 metabolic cages. The chickens were then fasted for 24 hours to empty their digestive tracts before the treatment (Sibbald 1980). Five chickens were fasted again for 24 hours to measure endogenous energy and nitrogen, with access to free drinking water. Total endogenous excreta collection was carried out over a 24-hour period. Next, the 15 chickens were divided into 3 treatments with 5 replicates each and fed 40 grams of feed using a force-feeding method. Afterward, the chickens were fasted for 24 hours to clear any remaining feed from their digestive tracts, while still having access to drinking water.
Excreta collection was conducted after the 24-hour fasting period. During the collection process, excreta were sprayed with low concentration (0.01 N) H2SO4 to bind nitrogen and prevent evaporation. Subsequently, each excreta sample was weighed, sealed with aluminum foil, labeled, and placed in a freezer for 24 hours to prevent microbial decomposition. Prior to analysis, frozen excreta were removed from the freezer and allowed to thaw for 2 hours. The excreta were then placed in containers and dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours until completely dry, and then weighed. The dried excreta were finely ground and cleaned of any remaining chicken feathers before being analyzed for crude protein content, gross energy, and dry matter.
Metabolic energy measurements were conducted in metabolic cages measuring 50 cm x 30 cm x 56 cm. The bottom of the cages was equipped with plastic excreta collection trays, water dispensers, and labels. The feed used was a single diet consisting of rice bran, palm kernel cake (PKC), and hydrolyzed palm kernel cake (HPKC). The palm kernel cake was obtained from a processing plant in South Kalimantan.
The HPKC production process involves physical and chemical treatments. Physical treatment was carried out through fractionation by sieving with a crushing size of 20 mm to remove the shell, while the chemical process was carried out by adding acid at a temperature of 800C for 2 hours to break down the cell walls. Photosof palm kernel cake (PKC) and hydrolyzed palm kernel cake (HPKC).
The results of proximate analysis for rice bran, palm kernel cake (PKC), and hydrolyzed palm kernel cake (HPKC) can be seen in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Proximate analysis of Rice bran (RB), PKC and HPKC. |
|||
|
Compositions |
RB |
PKC |
HPKC |
|
Moisture Content (%) |
8.56 |
7.89 |
10.30 |
|
Crude Protein (%) |
5.04 |
15.46 |
17.66 |
|
Crude Fiber (%) |
37.0 |
22.20 |
11.83 |
|
Gross Energy (kcal/kg) |
3,054 |
4,340 |
3,395 |
|
Proximate analysis results from the ITP Fapet Laboratory, IPB |
|||
Nutrient digestibility is calculated by subtracting the nutrient content in the feed from the nutrient content in the excreta. Dry matter digestibility and crude protein digestibility are calculated using the following formulas:
|
Where:
Crude Protein Intake = Feed Intake (kg) x % Crude Protein Excreta
Protein = Excreta Protein - Endogenous Excreta Protein
Metabolic energy is obtained by subtracting the gross energy content of the feed from the gross energy content of the feces. Apparent Metabolic Energy (AME) and True Metabolic Energy (TME) are calculated using the following formulas:
Where:
 |
X = amount of feed consumed (g)
GEBf = gross energy of the feed (kcal/kg)
Y = weight of excreta (g)
GEBe = gross energy of excreta (kcal/kg)
Z = weight of endogenous excreta (g)
GEBk = gross energy of endogenous excreta (kcal/kg)
Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with software SPSS version 25. Any significant differences were further tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test.
The results of the analysis of excreta weight and nutrient digestibility Rice Bran, PKC, and HPKC can be seen in Table 2.
|
Table 2. Excreta quantity and nutrient digestibility of rice bran (RB), PKC and HPKC |
|||
|
Parameter |
RB |
PKC |
HPKC |
|
Excreta Quantity (g) |
41.59 ± 1.77c |
33.94 ± 2.41b |
28.07 ± 5.91a |
|
Dry Matter Digestibility (%) |
62.36 ± 5.45b |
74.86 ± 4.48a |
81.62 ± 8.38a |
|
Crude Protein Digestibility (%) |
74.05 ± 11.44a |
35.52 ± 11.59b |
77.74 ± 12.80a |
|
a,b,c,dMeans in the same row with different letters show significant differences (p<0.05) among dietary treatments. RB: Rice Bran,PKC: palm kernel meal, HPKC: hydrolysis palm kernel meal |
|||
The results of the HPKC feeding study showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to PKC and a highly significant difference compared to rice bran in the collected excreta quantity. According to James and Gropper (1990), fiber is adsorptive and has cation-binding capacity for nutrients in the digestive tract, resulting in lower nutrient absorption. According to Wahyunto (1989), the low digestibility of a feedstuff can be attributed to its high crude fiber content, thus reducing the metabolizable energy value of the material.
The digestibility of dry matter and protein in rice bran, PKC, and HPKC ranged from 62.36% to 81.62% for dry matter and from 35.52% to 77.74% for protein. The highest digestibility of dry matter and protein was observed in HPKC, at 81.62% and 77.74%, respectively. The combination of physical and chemical processing enhances the nutritional digestibility of palm kernel cake, resulting in higher digestibility in HPKC compared to PKC and RB. According to James and Gropper (1990), fiber is adsorptive and has a cation-binding capacity for nutrients in the digestive tract, leading to reduced nutrient absorption.
The results of the analysis of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME) between rice bran, PKC, and HPKC can be seen in Table 3.
|
Table 3. Metabolic energy of Rice bran (RB), PKC and HPKC |
|||
|
Parameter |
RB |
PKC |
HPKC |
|
AME (kkal kg-1) |
648.19 ± 72.14ᶜ |
1375.25 ± 56.52ᵇ |
1535.30 ± 25.85ᵃ |
|
TME (kkal kg-1) |
1167.83 ± 72.14c |
1915.40 ± 56.52b |
2060.72 ± 25.85ᵃ |
|
a,b,c,dMeans in the same row with different letters show significant differences (p<0.05) among dietary treatments. RB: Rice Bran,PKC: palm kernel meal, HPKC: hydrolysis palm kernel meal, AME: Apparent Metabolic Energy, TME: True Metabolic Energy |
|||
The values of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME) for HPKC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than PKC and highly significantly different from RB, with AME values of 1535.30 kcal/kg, 648.19 kcal/kg, and 1375.25 kcal/kg, and TME values of 2060.72 kcal/kg, 1167.83 kcal/kg, and 1915.40 kcal/kg, respectively. These results indicate a significant influence of the combined physical and chemical processing. The combination of physical and chemical processing enhances the metabolic energy value of palm kernel cake by 145.32 kcal/kg, resulting in a metabolic energy value of 2060.72 kcal/kg. According to
Abdollahi et al (2015), the metabolic energy value of palm kernel meal is approximately 5.47 MJ/kg or about 1306 kcal. Sundu et al (2005) reported that Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) has variable metabolic energy ranging from 1479 kcal/kg to 2260 kcal/kg. The lower metabolic energy value is associated with the high crude fiber content and the complex structure of PKC. The cell wall structure of PKC can adsorb nutrients, reducing the chances of nutrient absorption by the small intestine, and nutrient-fiber complex bonds are excreted through excreta. The cation-binding capacity of fiber can also cause mineral imbalances, disrupting energy metabolism (Ramli et al 2008).
The combination of physical and chemical processing in palm kernel cake can increase metabolic energy in broiler chickens. Physical processing is carried out to reduce contamination from the shell, thereby reducing the fiber content. The main content of the shell is fiber, which cannot be digested by monogastric animals such as chickens. Chemical processing is done to open the cell walls or simplify the cell wall structure of PKC so that exogenous enzymes can function effectively. The use of mannase enzymes can improve the absorption of PKC nutrients by releasing nutrients trapped in the cell wall matrix (Dhani et al 2022).
The TME value in this study is higher than the AME value. The higher TME value is due to accounting for endogenous energy value, while in AME calculation, the endogenous energy value is not considered (Lase et al 2013).
The better digestibility of protein, AME and TME in HPKC makes it an alternative substitute for soybean meal which is increasingly expensive and difficult to obtain. Although it does not completely replace soybean meal, it is hoped that the use of HPKC can help reduce dependence on soybean meal as a source of protein in poultry feed. This in turn will contribute to maintaining the availability and stability of feed ingredient prices in Indonesia.
The PKC hydrolysis process through a combination of physical and chemical treatments can change the cell wall structure of palm kernel meal resulting in a simpler HPKC cell wall structure compared to PKC. The simplified HPKC structure facilitates digestion, thereby improving nutrient digestion and increasing the values of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME) by 160.05 kcal kg-1 (11.64%) and 145.32 kcal kg-1 (7.59%) respectively.
Abdollahi M R, Hosking B, Ravindran V 2015 palm kernel meal for broilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.019.
Aniriani G W, Apriliani N, Sulistiono E 2018 Hidrolisis polisakarida xilan jerami menggunakan larutan asam kuat untuk bahan dasar produksi bioethanol. JIS. 18 (2): 113-117. https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.18.2.2018.20901
Dhani R, Prasetya D, Karwati A, Wiyono A, Jayanegara A, Nahrowi N 2022 The Quality of Hydrolized Palm Kernel Meal and Its Efficacy on Laying Hens Aged 21-27 Weeks. 21(Isanfs 2021):296–300. 10.2991/absr.k.220401.061
Haryono, Ujianto A 2000 Penentuan energi metabolis bahan pakan ayam di kandang percobaan unggas Ciawi. Laporan Penelitian. Bogor (ID): Balai Penelitian Ternak.
James, L G and S S GROPPER 1990 Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. 3rd Edition. Australia: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Lase J A, Tafsin M, Ginting N 2013 Pengaruh cara pengolahan tepung ikan dari limbah industry pengolahan ikan nila terhadap energi metabolisme dan retensi nitrogen pada ayam. Jurnal Peternakan Integratif. 2(3):285-300.
Lesson S and J D Summers 2001 Nutrition of the Chicken. 4th Edition. Canada: University Books. Guelph, Ontario.
Mc Donald P, Edwards R A Greenhalgh J F D and Morgan C A 2002 Animal Nutrition. 5th Edition. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical.
National research Council (NRC) 1971 Nutrient Requirement of Poultry-National Academic of Sciences. Washinton DC.
Ramli N, Yatno, Hasjmy A D, Sumiati, Rismawati and Estiana R 2008 Physico- chemical properties and metabolizable energi value of protein concentrate from palm kernel meal in broiler. J. Ilmu Ternak dan Vet. 13(4):249–255. 10.14334/JITV.V13I4.568
Sibbald I R 1976 A Bioassay for True Metabolizableenergy in Feeding Stuffs. Poultry Science. 55:303-308.
Sundu B and Dingle J 2003 Use of enzymes to improve the nutritional value of palm kernel meal and copra meal. Proceed. Queensland Poultry Sci. Symposium Australia, 1(14): 1-15.
Sundu B, Kumar A, Dingle J 2005 Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health. World Poult. Sci. J., 62: 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS2005100
Wahyunto W B 1989 Pengaruh Ekstraksi Minyak Biji Kapas dan Ekstruksi Campuran Tepung Biji Kapas, Kedelai serta Beras terhadap Nilai Gizinya [Thesis]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Wibawa A 2014 Energi metabolis ransum mengandung bungkil inti sawit dengan dan tanpa penyaringan pada ayam broiler. [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Zablan T A, M Griffish, M E Nesheim, R J Young and M C Scott 1963 Metabolizable energy of some oil seed meals and some unusual feedstuffs. Poultry Sci.42. 619-625. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0420619