| Livestock Research for Rural Development 35 (10) 2023 | LRRD Search | LRRD Misssion | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study aims to determine the effect of feeding broiler chickens with butterfly pea extract on their growth, physiological conditions, and carcass characteristics. A total of 200 broiler chicks were assigned to one of five treatments: control (no butterfly pea extract in feed); 0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml, and 2 ml/kg of feed containing butterfly pea extract. Every week, body weight and feed consumption were measured, and on the 35th day, blood, internal organs, and carcasses were collected. Body weight gain, consumption, and feed conversion were all higher (p<0.05) in the butterfly pea extract treatment group compared to the control group. There was no difference (p>0.05) in the blood profile, weight of internal organs, or carcass percentage of broiler chickens. It can be concluded that using butterfly pea extract in feed can improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens.
Keywords: broilers, feed additive, butterfly pea, performance, carcass characteristics
In Indonesia, the broiler chicken industry is a livestock industry that is still expanding due to the high demand for broiler meat products. Good maintenance management is one of the efforts to increase the productivity of broiler chickens. Feed is an important factor to consider in the broiler chicken business because it affects the performance of the chickens being reared and minimizes the impact of economic losses (Siegel 2014). To improve performance, feed additives in broiler chicken feed have been widely used in the past. Antibiotics are one of the feed additives used in the modern livestock industry. Subtherapeutic antibiotics are expected to reduce the population of bothersome microorganisms (pathogens) in the digestive tract, allowing livestock to be healthier and utilize better feed nutrition for growth or production (Sugiharto 2016). However, it is feared that the administration of these antibiotics will result in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, so their use has been prohibited in almost all parts of the world, including Indonesia (Sapsuha et al 2021).
Prohibiting the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) as a feed additive in the absence of an alternative is extremely impractical, particularly given the current situation in Indonesia. Experience has shown that after a ban on the use of antibiotics in the feed industry, production can be reduced due to disrupted broiler growth, which can be harmful to breeders. As a result, efforts are being made to find alternatives to antibiotics as feed additives, such as by using bioactive substances found in plants. Previous studies have shown that some plants can be used as a substitute for antibiotics because they contain bioactive substances such as flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and others that improve broiler chicken performance (Sapsuha et al 2021; Sjafani et al 2022; Sugiharto et al 2020).
Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) (Photo 1) is a plant with bioactive substances and high levels of antioxidants, so it has the potential to be an antibiotic substitute and a source of natural antioxidants (Niranjan et al 2020; Suwannamanee and Sritiwong 2018; Pasukamonset et al 2016; Al-Snafi 2016). Butterfly pea is a vine that is commonly found in yards or along forest edges. This leguminous plant originated in tropical Asia but has since spread throughout the tropics. This plant has been planted as an ornamental in the yard for many years. The butterfly pea is a member of either the Papilionaceae or Fabaceae (legume) family. This flower has a variety of names in each region of Indonesia, including blue flower, kelentit flower, and butterfly pea in Sumatra, teleng flower, and menteleng in Java, talang flower, Raleng temen flower in Sulawesi, and seyamagulele in Maluku (Afrianto et al 2020). Previous studies have shown that butterfly pea contains bioactive substances such as flavonoids, phenols, and ternoids, which can act as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant properties (Mehmood et al 2019; Seftiono et al 2021). Based on this potential, the use of butterfly pea extract in broiler chickens is expected to be an alternative to antibiotics.
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| Photo 1. Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) |
Currently, there have been no reports of studies examining the effect of butterfly pea extract on the performance of broiler chickens. It is believed that administering butterfly pea extract improves the performance of broiler chickens, so it is anticipated that it will serve as a replacement for AGP in feed additives. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of butterfly pea extract on the performance and carcass of broiler chickens.
Butterfly pea was obtained from the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Khairun in Ternate, North Maluku Province, Indonesia (Photo2). Butterfly peas are air-dried and ground into flour before being used. 1 kg of butterfly pea flour was extracted using the maceration technique by immersing it in 4 L of 96% ethanol solution for 3 × 24 hours. Stirring is done twice during the maceration process, in the morning and evening. The filtrate obtained from soaking was then filtered and evaporated using a rotary evaporator to produce butterfly pea extract (Photo 3) (Mehmood et al 2019).
 |
 |
| Photo 2. Part of the plant was used | Photo 3. Extract yield |
Based on the AOAC method (2007), the complete proximate nutrient content of butterfly pea extract was analyzed. The total phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Sahreen et al 2010), whereas the total flavonoid content was measured using the spectrophotometric method (Mayur et al 2010). The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) test (Sochor et al 2010). The disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) was used to perform an antibacterial inhibition test on the growth of E. coli bacteria in butterfly pea extract.
From 0 to 7 days old, 200 unsexed Lohmann broiler chickens were reared together. On day 8, these broiler chickens (body weight 144 ± 2.75 g) were randomly assigned to five treatments and each treatment was repeated five times. CONT (basal feed without butterfly pea extract), BPE0.5 (basal feed + 0.5% butterfly pea extract), BPE1.0 (basal feed + 1% butterfly pea extract), BPE1.5 (basal feed + 1.5% butterfly pea extract), and BPE2.0 (basal feed + 2% butterfly pea extract). The feed was given in mash form and was formulated as a starter feed (days 1-21) and a finisher feed (days 22-35) (Table 1). Enzymes, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal agents are not present in formulated feed. Food and water were available ad libitum until the 35th day. All chickens were vaccinated with the commercial Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine on the 4th day via eye drops and the 18th day via drinking water, as well as the Gumboro vaccine on the 12th day via drinking water. During the rearing period, the chickens were kept in a ventilated broiler cage with rice husk as the base.
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Table 1. Feed compositions of broilers as starter (days 1-21) and finisher (days 22-35) |
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|
Items |
%, unless otherwise noted |
|
|
Starter (days 1-21) |
Finisher (days 22-35) |
|
|
Yellow corn |
57.12 |
62.85 |
|
Soybean meal |
35.82 |
30.50 |
|
Palm oil |
2.21 |
2.21 |
|
DL-methionine |
0.32 |
0.32 |
|
Bentonite |
1.19 |
0.78 |
|
Limestone |
1.38 |
1.38 |
|
Monocalcium phosphate |
1.39 |
1.39 |
|
Premix 1 |
0.20 |
0.20 |
|
Chlorine chlorite |
0.07 |
0.07 |
|
NaCl |
0.30 |
0.30 |
|
Nutrient contents: |
||
|
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 2 |
2,982 |
3,094 |
|
Crude protein (%) |
21.42 |
19.87 |
|
Crude fiber (%) |
3.41 |
3.27 |
|
Crude fat (%) |
4.38 |
4.76 |
|
1Premix contained (per kg of diet) of vitamin A 7,750 IU, vitamin D3 1,550 IU, vitamin E 1.88 mg, vitamin B1 1.25 mg, vitamin B2 3.13 mg, vitamin B6 1.88 mg, vitamin B12 0.01 mg, vitamin C 25 mg, folic acid 1.50 mg, Ca-d-pantothenate 7.5 mg, niacin 1.88 mg, biotin 0.13 mg, Co 0.20 mg, Cu 4.35 mg, Fe 54 mg, I 0.45 mg, Mn 130 mg, Zn 86.5 mg, Se 0.25 mg, L-lysine 80 mg, Choline chloride 500 mg, DL-methionine 900 mg, CaCO3 641.5 mg, Dicalcium phosphate 1500 mg |
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Chicken body weight, feed consumption, and FCR were all recorded on a weekly basis. On the 35th day, one chick was chosen per replicate with a body weight that represented the average body weight for each replicate. Blood was drawn from the brachial vein of a chicken wing. The collected blood sample is placed in a tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for determination of the complete blood profile. The complete blood profile was determined using a hematology analyzer (Prima Fully-auto Hematology Analyzer, PT Prima Alkesindo Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia), as described by Sapsuha et al (2022). The same broiler chicken that had the blood sample was then slaughtered and plucked. After evisceration, the internal organs were removed and weighed. The carcass percentage and commercial proportion of broiler chicken carcass were also determined.
Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (SPSS version 25.0). If the treatment has a significant effect (p<0.05) on the parameters measured and there is a real treatment effect, the Duncan test is performed.
Phytobiotics (herbs and spices) are regarded as an important source of phytochemicals with strong antioxidant activity against free radicals in biological systems. Typically, phytobiotics are used in poultry and other livestock feeds to obtain various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antioxidant (Sugiharto, 2020). Table 2 displays the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of butterfly pea extract. The phytochemical composition of butterfly pea extract revealed that it contains phenol (9.83%), flavonoids (6.12%), and has an antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikril-hidrazyl-hydrate, DPPH) IC50 of 7.68.
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Table 2. Chemical and functional compositions and antibacterial activity of butterfly pea extract |
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|
Items |
Values |
|
|
Moisture (%) |
46.87 |
|
|
Ash (%) |
0.23 |
|
|
Fat (%) |
12.47 |
|
|
Proteins (%) |
3.76 |
|
|
Carbohydrates (%) |
32.65 |
|
|
Total phenolics (g/100 g) |
9.83 |
|
|
Flavonoids (g/100 g) |
6.12 |
|
|
DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC 50 [µg/mL]) |
7.68 |
|
|
Antibacterial activity against E. coli (mm) |
11.8 |
|
This study found that butterfly pea extract contains bioactive substances and antioxidant activity in the form of phenols and flavonoids, as well as IC50 antioxidant capacity. This finding is consistent with other studies that show butterfly pea plants contain phytochemicals and have high antioxidant activity (Niranjan et al 2020; Pasukamonset et al 2016).
The antibacterial inhibition test of butterfly pea extract using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on the growth of E. colibacteria by 11.8 mm (Table 2) indicates that butterfly pea extract has moderate inhibition of E. coligrowth. This is in accordance with the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Institute) standard criteria, where the inhibition zone can be seen as the formation of a clear zone. A zone size of 0 mm indicates no activity, 6-10 mm indicates weak activity, 11-20 mm indicates moderate activity, and 21-30 mm indicates strong activity (Sapsuha et al 2022). This finding is consistent with the findings of Niranjan et al (2020), who discovered that butterfly pea extract inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria by 12 mm and 10 mm, respectively.
Table 3 shows the growth performance of broiler chickens. The use of butterfly pea extract in feed increased (p<0.05) weight gain in broiler chickens in this study (Figure 1). There has been no research published to date that explains the effect of using butterfly pea extract on increasing body weight in broiler chickens. However, the effectiveness of butterfly pea extract is most likely due to the synergistic action of various phytochemicals present in butterfly pea (Suwannamanee and Sritiwong 2018; Niranjan et al 2020; Pasukamonset et al 2016), which improves the chickens' physiological condition. This last condition has an effect on increasing feed utilization and efficiency, thereby increasing broiler chicken growth performance. Because of their ability to scavenge free radicals and maintain intestinal mucosal integrity, phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenols have been shown to promote higher growth rates and better feed efficiency in broiler chickens (Sapsuha et al 2022). The previous studies have indicated that butterfly pea possesses various beneficial properties. It has been identified as an antibacterial source (Fadillah et al), an antifungal source (Al-Snafi 2016), an antimicrobial source (Puspitasari et al 2022), and an antioxidant source (Niranjan et al 2020; Pasukamonset et al 2016). Moreover, these properties have been found to stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, deactivate pathogenic bacteria, and accelerate metabolism and nutrient absorption in the digestive tract. These factors collectively contribute to improving the growth performance of broiler chickens. Improvements in feed conversion observed in broilers fed butterfly pea extract indicated better feed utilization than the control group (CONT). Sapsuha et al (2021) dan Nur Sjafani et al (2022) found an increase in the growth rate of broiler chickens fed a diet containing plants as phytogenic, which is consistent with the findings of this study. They also stated that the presence of bioactive substances in plants can contribute to an increase in poultry body weight.
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Table 3. Performance of broilers chickens |
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|
Items |
Treatment groups |
SE |
p value |
||||||
|
CONT |
BPE0.5 |
BPE1.0 |
BPE1.5 |
BPE2.0 |
|||||
|
Initial BW (g) |
161.38 |
159.04 |
161.70 |
162.62 |
161.67 |
1.42 |
0.31 |
||
|
Final BW (g) |
1606,78a |
1698,77b |
1742,32c |
1778,89d |
1798,08d |
68.72 |
<0.01 |
||
|
Weight gain (g) |
1445,4a |
1539,73b |
1580,62c |
1616,27d |
1636,41d |
60.45 |
<0.01 |
||
|
Accumulative FI (g) |
2398,83a |
2456,78b |
2489,98b |
2510,65c |
2520,8c |
31.27 |
0.02 |
||
|
FCR |
1,66a |
1,60b |
1,58c |
1,55d |
1,54d |
1.73 |
<0.01 |
||
|
a,b,c,d On the same row, different
superscripts indicated a significant variation (p<0.05) |
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 |
 |
| Figure 1. Weight gain of broiler chickens | Figure 2. FCR of broiler chickens |
In terms of feed consumption, butterfly pea extract administration resulted in higher feed consumption (p<0.05) during rearing. Giving butterfly pea extract can increase feed consumption, which can lead to an increase in body weight. It is unknown why butterfly pea extract can increase feed consumption in broiler chickens, but the flavonoid and phenol content in butterfly pea extract is very likely to increase the flavor of the feed so that it improves the taste of the feed so that it can increase the appetite of chickens (Sugiharto 2016; Sapsuha et al 2022). Interesting finding was observed for the FCR of the broiler. The administration of 2% butterfly pea extract in feed decreased (p<0.05) the FCR value of broiler chickens in this study (Figure 2). This could imply that feeding butterfly pea extract had no detrimental effect on broiler chicken digestibility.
Blood profile of broiler chicken
The data in this study (Table 4) showed that the use of butterfly pea extract in feed had no effect on broiler blood components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrits, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and heterophils (p>0.05). In general, the blood profile can be used as an indicator of the physiological condition and nutritional status of chickens, with one of the factors that can affect the blood profile being the amount and nutritional quality of feed fed to the chickens (Sugiharto et al 2016). Apart from the treatment effect, the levels of erythrocytes and leukocytes of broilers in this study were within normal haematological range. Ullah et al (2018) and Sapsuha et al (2022) reported that five-week-old broilers had erythrocyte values of 2.69-3.38 × 1012/L. With respect particularly to the use of butterfly pea extract in the feed and the absent effect of such treatment on the blood profile of the chickens, the provision of butterfly pea extract has no detrimental effect on the physiological conditions or nutritional status of broiler chickens.
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Table 4. Complete blood counts of broiler chickens |
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|
Items |
Treatment groups |
SE |
p value |
||||||
|
CONT |
BPE0.5 |
BPE1.0 |
BPE1.5 |
BPE2.0 |
|||||
|
Erythrocytes (1012/L) |
3.76 |
2.97 |
2.87 |
2.87 |
2.11 |
1.23 |
0.24 |
||
|
Leukocytes (109/L) |
15.49 |
21.59 |
19.41 |
18.69 |
19.84 |
3.52 |
0.19 |
||
|
Haemoglobin (g/dL) |
12.49 |
13.27 |
11.65 |
9.57 |
10.28 |
4.31 |
0.18 |
||
|
Haematocrits (%) |
38.42 |
40.21 |
34.98 |
36.76 |
37.38 |
5.74 |
0.23 |
||
|
Thrombocytes (109/L) |
14.78 |
19.80 |
23.09 |
18.28 |
22.17 |
9.54 |
0.37 |
||
|
Lymphocytes (109/L) |
187.23 |
180.23 |
156.62 |
182.98 |
167.53 |
13.21 |
0.22 |
||
|
Heterophils (109/L) |
9.34 |
8.14 |
15.32 |
5.69 |
9.43 |
5.34 |
0.37 |
||
|
MCV (10 -15 L) |
123.54 |
133.54 |
137.21 |
130.89 |
131.78 |
3.15 |
0.44 |
||
|
MCH (10 -12 g) |
36.76 |
38.43 |
37.78 |
37.23 |
36.33 |
1.46 |
0.57 |
||
|
MCHC (g/L) |
29.28 |
30.32 |
50.34 |
30.76 |
30.78 |
1.64 |
0.46 |
||
|
RDW-SD (10-15 L) |
47.87 |
49.43 |
48.67 |
45.92 |
47.56 |
3.68 |
0.43 |
||
|
RDW-CV (%) |
10.11 |
9.65 |
11.18 |
10.43 |
9.65 |
0.76 |
0.11 |
||
|
MPV (10-15 L) |
10.23 |
8.23 |
7.56 |
8.87 |
8.45 |
3.46 |
0.32 |
||
|
MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH:mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCHC: mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, RDW-SD: red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation, RDW-CV: red blood cell distribution width-coefficient variation, MPV: mean platelet volume, SE: standard error |
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The result showed that giving butterfly pea extract to broiler chickens had no effect (p>0.05) on the internal organ weight of broiler chickens (Table 5). In terms of the use of herbal plants in feed, Sapsuha et al (2021) found that incorporating nutmeg flesh extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt) into the ration had no effect on the relative weight of broiler chicken internal organs. In line with this, Toghyani et al (2011), Martínez et al (2021), and Mareta et al (2020) found that cinnamon, garlic, and cashew had no effect on the relative weight of the internal organs of broiler chickens.
The result showed that adding butterfly pea extract to broiler chickens had no effect (p>0.05) on the percentage of carcass and commercial pieces of broiler carcass (Table 6). This demonstrates that feeding butterfly pea extract has no detrimental effects on broiler carcass characteristics. This finding is consistent with previous research on the use of herbal plants (Vase-Khavari et al 2018; Sapsuha et al 2021). Their research found no differences in the characteristics of the carcass of broilers.
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Table 5. Organs weight of broiler chicks fed treatment diets |
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|
Items |
Treatment groups |
SE |
p |
||||||
|
CONT |
BPE0.5 |
BPE1.0 |
BPE1.5 |
BPE2.0 |
|||||
|
Liver |
2.76 |
2.67 |
2.78 |
2.54 |
2.36 |
0.21 |
0.12 |
||
|
Heart |
0.54 |
0.87 |
0.65 |
0.71 |
0.68 |
0.54 |
0.35 |
||
|
Proventriculus |
0.46 |
0.43 |
0.46 |
0.47 |
0.42 |
0.08 |
0.17 |
||
|
Gizzard |
1.53 |
1.49 |
1.53 |
1.54 |
1.45 |
0.63 |
0.21 |
||
|
Pancreas |
0.27 |
0.31 |
0.29 |
0.26 |
0.28 |
0.04 |
0.32 |
||
|
Cecum |
0.76 |
0.68 |
0.74 |
0.77 |
0.72 |
0.17 |
0.12 |
||
|
Spleen |
0.11 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
||
|
Thymus |
0.16 |
0.14 |
0.15 |
0.16 |
0.14 |
0.04 |
0.84 |
||
|
Bursa Febricus |
0.09 |
0.10 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
0.51 |
||
|
SE: standard error |
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|
Table 6. Carcass traits of broiler chicks fed treatment diets |
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|
Items |
Treatment groups |
SE |
p |
||||
|
CONT |
BPE0.5 |
BPE1.0 |
BPE1.5 |
BPE2.0 |
|||
|
(% live weight ) |
|||||||
|
Carcass |
68.74 |
68.89 |
68.72 |
69.13 |
68.98 |
1.78 |
0.26 |
|
(% eviscerated carcass) |
|||||||
|
Breast |
40.01 |
39.89 |
40.11 |
39.97 |
40.13 |
1.63 |
0.28 |
|
Upper thigh |
15.14 |
15.17 |
15.26 |
15.19 |
18.21 |
0.74 |
0.13 |
|
Lower Thigh |
13.18 |
12.89 |
13.14 |
13.12 |
13.19 |
1.16 |
0.32 |
|
Wings |
7.69 |
7.54 |
7.46 |
7.82 |
7.78 |
0.55 |
0.14 |
|
Back |
21.86 |
21.78 |
20.89 |
22.11 |
20.98 |
1.06 |
0.18 |
|
SE: standard error |
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Butterfly pea extract can be used as a feed additive in broiler chickens because it improves performance and did not have a detrimental effect on the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens.
The project was financed by Universitas Khairun Research and Community Service Institute (LPPM), through the Graduate Competitive Research Program PKUPT for the 2023 fiscal year Contract No.: 422/PEN-PKUPT/PP.03/2023.
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