| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (3) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg production by feeding diet supplemented with Lemuru fish oil. Materials used in this study was 72 local ducks at 40 weeks of age, which equally divided into 12 flocks. The ducks received 1 of 3 experimental diets, either basal diet without Lemuru fish oil supplementation (control) or basal diet supplemented with 10 or 20 g Lemuru fish oil/kg. Results showed that experimental diets did not give significant effect (p>0.05) on total feed intake and egg production, but significantly affected (p<0.05) total omega-3 content of duck egg. Supplementation of Lemuru fish oil either at 10 or 20 g/kg could increase (p<0.05) total omega-3 fatty acid content compared to control. The use of Lemuru fish oil slighly decreased total feed cost and total cost, and increased total return, net return and R/C ratio. This study provide evident that the use of Lemuru fish oil could be used as nutritional strategies to produce omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg. The use of such supplement also could improve economic benefit. It is suggested to use 20 g fish oil/kg diet to achieve optimum profitability of omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg production.
Keywords: laying duck, total return, total cost, R/C ratio
In the recent decade, there is a growing interest on the development of omega-3 fatty acid enriched food. This interest was stimulated by evident which showed health benefit of omega-3 fatty acid. Klek (2016) reported that omega-3 fatty acid could act as antihypertensive, antithrombotic, anticancer and antitumor in human. In another study, maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acid also could enhance intellectual development in infant (Yashodhara et al 2009). However, although had important health benefit, consumption of omega-3 fatty acid of many people worldwide is still below the recommendation (Sioen et al 2009)
Development of omega-3 fatty acid enriched egg currently become interesting strategy to improve omega-3 fatty acid intake for human. This is due to the fact that eggs are accepted to be consumed worldwide. Besides that, egg fatty acid profile also could be easily modified through feeding laying poultry with fish oil, flaxseed, or microalgae (Fraeye et al 2012).
Lemuru fish oil (Sardinella lemuru)) is one of potential omega-3 fatty acids source which could be used as feed supplement. Previously, it was reported that Lemuru fish oil contains total omega-3 fatty acids in the amount of 26.03% (Andri et al 2016), compared to soybean oil with only 5.71% of total fatty acid (Pita et al 2011). Currently, research report on the economic impact of the use of Lemuru fish oil supplement is still very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg production by feeding diet supplemented with Lemuru fish oil.
Materials used in this study was 72 female local ducks at 40 weeks of age. They were randomly divided into 12 flocks (each flock consisted of 6 ducks). The ducks received 10 days of acclimatization period and fed basal diet only before experimental period. After that, the ducks received 1 of 3 experimental diets, either basal diet without Lemuru fish oil supplementation (control) or basal diet supplemented with 10 or 20 g Lemuru fish oil/kg. Feedstuff composition and nutrient content of dietary treatments were shown in Table 1. Each experimental treatment had 4 replicates (6 ducks of each replicate). Experimental treatments were lasted for 7 weeks (40-46 weeks of age). The ducks were fed twice daily in the total amount of 160 g/duck, while drinking water was provided ad libitum.
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Table 1. Feedstuff composition and calculated nutrient content of dietary treatments |
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Feedstuff |
Basal diet (0 g LFO) |
10 g LFO |
20 g LFO |
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Corn, g/kg |
480 |
480 |
480 |
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Soybean meal, g/kg |
200 |
200 |
200 |
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Rice bran, g/kg |
132 |
132 |
132 |
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Meat bone meal, g/kg |
80 |
80 |
80 |
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Premix1, g/kg |
88 |
88 |
88 |
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Soybean oil, g/kg |
20 |
10 |
0 |
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Lemuru fish oil, g/kg |
0 |
10 |
20 |
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Nutrient content |
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Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg2 |
2,845 |
2,846 |
2,847 |
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Crude protein, g/kg2 |
196 |
196 |
196 |
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Ether extract, g/kg2 |
49 |
49 |
49 |
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Calcium, g/kg3 |
32.5 |
32.5 |
32.5 |
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Total phosphorus, g/kg3 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
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Lysine, g/kg3 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
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Methionine, g/kg3 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
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Total omega-3 fatty acid content,g/kg4 |
2.07 |
4.4 |
6.37 |
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1 Each kg of premix supplies 5,000,000 IU vitamin A, 1,600,000 IU vitamin D3, 3,000 IU vitamin E, 1,000 mg vitamin K, 2,000 mg vitamin B1, 4,000 mg vitamin B2, 300,000 μg vitamin B 6, 2,000 μg vitamin B12, 20,000 mg vitamin C, 200,000 μg folic acid, 705,000 mg Calcium, 10,000 mg Phosphorus, 6,000 mg Iron, 4,000 mg Manganese, 75 mg Iodine, 300 mg Cooper, 3,750 mg Zinc; 2 Calculated by using data of nutrient content analysis of each feedstuff 3; Calculated by using table of nutrient content of feedstuff (Leeson and Summers, 2005) 4 Analysis result of complete feed of each dietary treatment. |
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Feed intake was recorded daily by calculating feed offered substracted by feed refusal. Egg production was also recorded daily. Data of feed intake and egg production were then calculated as the total of feed intake and egg production during 7 weeks of experimental periods. At the end of experimental periods, 3 eggs per replicate were randomly collected for analysis of total omega-3 fatty acid content. Eggs were broken and the yolk were separated from the albumen. The yolks were then pooled and the lipid content was extracted using the method described by Folch et al (1957). Extracted lipid was then methylated by using methanol-BF3 and then fatty acids were quantified by using Gas Chromatography (King et al 2012)
Data of feed price, egg price and other cost during experimental period were shown in Table 2.
Total feed cost was calculated by total feed intake times by feed cost. Total cost was calculated by total feed cost added by other cost. Total return was calculated by egg production times by egg price. Net return was calculated by total return substracted by total cost. R/C ratio was calculated by total return divided by total cost. Data of total feed intake, egg production and omega-3 fatty acid content of duck egg were analyzed by using One-way Analysis of Variance. Treatment means with significant effects were then analyzed by using LSD Duncan’s Test. Data of total feed cost, total cost, total return, net return and R/C ratio were analyzed descriptively. All data analysis was performed by using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.).
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Table 2. Data of feed price, egg price and other cost during experimental period |
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Variable |
Basal diet (0 g LFO) |
10 g LFO |
20 g LFO |
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Feed price, IDR/kg |
5,404 |
5,304 |
5,204 |
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Egg price, IDR/egg |
1,600 |
2,000 |
2,000 |
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Other cost, IDR/duck |
7,695 |
7,695 |
7,695 |
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1 US$ = 13,500 IDR ; Other cost including housing, equipment, breed, and labor cost |
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Effects of Lemuru fish oil supplementation on total feed intake, egg production and omega-3 content of duck egg were shown in Table 3. Results showed that experimental diets did not give significant effect (p>0.05) on total feed intake and egg production, but significantly affected (p<0.05) total omega-3 content of duck egg. Supplementation of Lemuru fish oil either at 10 or 20 g/kg diet increased (p<0.05) total omega-3 content compared to control. In line with this finding, Chen and Hsu (2003) also reported laying duck fed diet supplemented with refined cod liver oil did not affect feed intake and egg production, but could increase total omega-content of egg. Carrillo-Domínguez et al (2012) also reported that dietary fish oil supplementation with vitamin E had no effect on feed intake and egg production of laying hens, but could increase total omega-3 content of egg.
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Table 3. Total feed intake, egg production and omega-3 fatty acid content of egg of duck fed dietary Lemuru fish oil at 40-46 weeks of age |
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Variable |
Basal diet (0 g LFO) |
10 g LFO |
20 g LFO |
SEM |
p |
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Total feed intake, kg/duck |
7.07 |
6.92 |
7.11 |
0.042 |
0.154 |
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Total egg production, egg/duck |
30 |
30.5 |
32 |
0.661 |
0.488 |
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Total omega-3 fatty acid content, mg/ 65 g egg |
128a |
370b |
413b |
42.2 |
0.001 |
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ab Means in same row followed by different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) |
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Effects of Lemuru fish oil supplementation on economic aspect of omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg production were shown in Table 4. Results showed that total feed cost decreased with the supplementation of Lemuru fish oil. This finding may be related with the lower feed cost in diet supplemented with Lemuru fish oil (Table 2). The price of soybean oil in this current finding was IDR 35,000/liter, while Lemuru fish oil was IDR 25,000. Consequently, replacing the proportion of soybean oil with Lemuru fish oil may decrease feed price and then followed by the decrease of total feed cost. Total cost was also decreased in Lemuru fish oil supplemented diet. This result may be affected by the decrease of total feed cost, which was also found when Lemuru fish oil supplemented into the diet. Kumar (2014) explained that feed is the major contributor in total cost of poultry production. Hence, the decrease of feed cost may also decrease total production cost.
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Table 4. Economic evaluation of omega-3 fatty acid enriched duck egg production |
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Variable |
Basal diet (0 g LFO) |
10 g LFO |
20 g LFO |
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Total feed cost, IDR/duck |
38,181 |
36,684 |
36,973 |
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Total cost, IDR/duck |
45,876 |
44,379 |
44,668 |
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Total return, IDR/duck |
48,400 |
60,500 |
64,500 |
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Net return, IDR/duck |
2,524 |
16,121 |
19,832 |
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R/C ratio |
1.06 |
1.37 |
1.45 |
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1 US$ = 13,500 IDR, R/C ratio: ratio of total return and total cost |
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Results showed that total return increased with Lemuru fish oil supplementation. This result related with the higher egg price when Lemuru fish oil supplemented in the diet (Table 2). Supplementation of Lemuru fish oil could produce omega-3 enriched duck egg, which had higher price compared to conventional egg. In a consumer survey of primary food shopper in metropolitan city, it was reported that 80% of the consumer were willing to buy omega-3 egg and 92% of those were willing to buy omega-3 egg, even with 20-30% extra price compared to conventional egg (Hayat et al 2010). Darmawan (2013) reported that price of conventional duck egg was IDR 1,500, while the price of duck egg with higher omega-3 content was IDR 2,000. Consequently, total return from omega-3 enriched duck egg in the study of Darmawan (2013) was also increased.
As can be seen on Table 4, net return and R/C ratio of omega-3 enriched duck egg also increased compared to conventional egg. This result as a consequence of the lower total cost and higher total return in Lemuru fish oil treatment. Previously, it was also reported that the omega-3 egg production had higher net return and R/C ratio compared to conventional egg production (Deže et al 2010).
This study was supported financially by the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya and Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education.
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Received 13 January 2018; Accepted 4 February 2018; Published 1 March 2018