| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (1) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
A study was carried out to determine the optimum levels of dietary lysine (Lys) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and their interaction with respect to growth performance and carcass traits of growing local Muscovy ducks. For the period from 5-8 weeks of age, a total of 180 local Muscovy ducks was arranged in a factorial design with two factors, dietary Lys level (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%) and AME levels (12.6 and 13.0 MJ/kg). The crude protein (CP) content of the diets was 19.0%. There were three replicates of 10 birds, balanced for sex per experimental unit. For the period of 9-12 weeks of age, 180 local Muscovy ducks were allocated to a similar design as for the first period, except that the Lys levels were 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1% and the AME levels were 13.4 and 13.8 MJ/kg. The CP content of the diets was 17.0%.
The results showed that in the period from 5 to 8 weeks of age, feed and CP intakes, daily weight gain (DWG) and final live weight of the ducks were significantly higher (P<0.05) for the Lys 1.20 treatment compared to the Lys 0.80 treatments, and for the AME 13.0 treatments (P<0.05) compared to the 12.6 MJ ME treatments. In the period 9 to 12 weeks of age higher DWG, carcass weight and breast and thigh meat were found for the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments (P<0.05). It was concluded that levels of 1.2% Lys, and 13.0 MJ/kg DM in diets improved DWG and final live weight for the period from 5-8 weeks of age, while for the period of 9-12 weeks of age, dietary levels of 1.1% Lys, and 13.8 MJ/kg DM resulted in better DWG and carcass performance.
Key words: growth, meat quality, nutrition, water fowls, weight gain
The duck has a great potential to meet the growing demand for high quality protein in human diets. In order to meet this potential, more research is needed to establish their dietary requirements (Adeola 2006). Lysine is typically the second limiting amino acid in poultry diets and the level of this amino acid is usually considered in diet formulation for ducks. Also, lysine is the basal amino acid used to calculate ratio of other essential amino acids in diets following the ideal protein (Mack et al 1999; Baker et al 2002). Furthermore, defining the optimum lysine requirement is economically important because feeding diets either deficient or in excess of the lysine requirement can translate to poor performance or increased diet cost, and increased environmental pollution due to nitrogen excretion (Moran 1992; Ospina-Roja 2012). Besides, ducks consume the amount of energy required for maintenance and normal growth (Adeola 2006). The appropriate combination of lysine and energy, as well as the optimum balance of essential amino acids in the ration iscorrelated positively with growth performance and carcass quality of ducks (Eits et al 2002; Collin et al 2003; Purba et al 2016).
Studies on the nutritional requirement of Muscovy ducks generally refer to the nutritional requirement of Peking ducks, as recommended by the NRC (1994), Chen (1996) and several authors (Adeola 2006; Liu and Niu 2008; Choo et al 2014). The lysine requirement of 0-2 weeks old Peking ducks is 0.90%, and at the age of 2-7 weeks 0.65% (NRC 1994). For Muscovy ducks, INRA (1989) recommended dietary levels of 19% CP and 0.91% lysine for the starter period and 16% CP and 0.76% lysine for the growing period. Ketaren et al (2011) recommended that the requirement of metabolizable energy and lysine for maximum body weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio of growing crossbred Muscovy for the starter period was 12.13 MJ/kg and 1.15%, respectively, and in the finisher period 11.30 MJ/kg and 0.80%, respectively. However, lysine and energy contents for growing local Muscovy ducks still needs to be determined for optimum growth performance and carcass traits.
The present study aimed to determine optimum levels of dietary lysine and ME by evaluating feed intakes, growth performance and carcass traits of local Muscovy ducks for the periods from 5-8 weeks and 9-12 weeks of age.
The experiment was carried out at Experimental farm of Tra Vinh University in Tra Vinh City and then feeds, refusals and feces were analyzed at the Laboratory of Dept. of Animal Sciences of Can Tho University. The experimental time was from April to August 2016.
The experiment was carried out using local Muscovy ducks produced in Cang Long district, Tra Vinh province. One-day-old ducklings were selected, brooded and fed a commercial diet that contained 20% CP and 12.5 MJ/kg fed ad-libitum from 1 to 28 days of age. The trial was carried out in 2 stages when the birds were 5-8 and 9-12 weeks of age. The birds were identified and then all were individually weighed with average initial live weights being around 750 ± 13.1 g at 5 weeks and 2,050 ± 18.8 g at 9 weeks of age. All birds were vaccinated with Duck Plague and Influenza vaccines at two and three weeks against these diseases.
Maize, broken rice, rice bran, fish meal, soybean meal and dicalciphosphate (DCP) were bought at a local feed store in Tra Vinh province, on one occasion during the trial. All feed ingredients were analyzed for chemical composition, and the experimental diets were formulated and offered in mash form. The chemical composition of the feed ingredients is shown in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Chemical composition of the feed ingredients used in the experimental diets |
|||||||||
|
Item (%) |
Maize |
Rice |
Broken |
Fish |
Soybean |
DCP |
Premix- |
Lysine |
Methionine |
|
DM |
88.6 |
87.1 |
87.1 |
92.1 |
94.3 |
100 |
100 |
97.4 |
99.3 |
|
OM |
99.0 |
90.9 |
98.5 |
79.5 |
94.5 |
14.8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
CP |
8.71 |
12.3 |
8.72 |
60.2 |
43.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
EE |
3.96 |
9.10 |
2.28 |
8.55 |
18.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
NFE |
83.0 |
64.2 |
89.2 |
9.55 |
23.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
CF |
3.34 |
5.27 |
3.34 |
1.18 |
9.33 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
NDF |
19.6 |
25.7 |
19.6 |
7.15 |
17.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
ADF |
3.96 |
10.2 |
1.79 |
1.84 |
11.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Ash |
0.99 |
9.06 |
0.65 |
20.5 |
4.57 |
85.2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Lysine |
0.27 |
0.49 |
0.23 |
3.38 |
1.92 |
- |
- |
74.5 |
- |
|
Methionine |
0.17 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
1.42 |
0.57 |
- |
- |
- |
87.1 |
|
Ca |
0.16 |
0.32 |
0.22 |
5.83 |
0.56 |
23.5 |
- |
- |
- |
|
P |
0.03 |
1.30 |
0.24 |
2.52 |
0.65 |
18.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
AME (MJ/kg) |
15.67 |
11.50 |
14.30 |
12.40 |
14.53 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Dry matter (DM), Organic matter (OM), crude protein
(CP), crude fiber (CF), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), |
|||||||||
A total of 180 local Muscovy ducks at four weeks of age was allotted in a factorial design with two factors, dietary lysine, including levels of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), with levels of 12.6 and 13.0 MJ/ kg DM, with 19% CP. There were thus 6 treatments and three replicate cages of 10 birds, balanced for sex per experimental unit.
Dietary feed ingredient composition for 5-8 week old Muscovy ducks presented in Table 2.
|
Table 2. Dietary feed ingredient composition for the period from 5-8 weeks (%, DM) |
|||||||
|
Feed |
AME 12.55 |
AME 12.97 |
|||||
|
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
||
|
Maize |
7.00 |
9.00 |
10.0 |
16.5 |
15.0 |
15.5 |
|
|
Rice bran |
59.0 |
54.1 |
52.7 |
48.8 |
44.6 |
43.1 |
|
|
Broken rice |
13.1 |
18.0 |
18.0 |
13.1 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
|
|
Fish meal |
5.00 |
11.5 |
11.7 |
5.70 |
9.40 |
9.20 |
|
|
Soybean meal |
15.0 |
6.30 |
6.30 |
15.0 |
10.0 |
11.0 |
|
|
Premix -mineral-vitamin |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
|
|
Lysine |
- |
0.17 |
0.41 |
- |
0.20 |
0.44 |
|
|
Methionine |
0.05 |
- |
- |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
|
|
DCP |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
|
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
|
LLys 0.8; Lys 1.0; Lys 1.2: treatments had lysine levels of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% lysine; AME 12.56 and AME 12.97: treatments had metablisable energy levels of 12.6and 13.0MJ/kg DM, respectively. Premix-mineral-Vitamin per kg: vitamin A: 2,500,000UI; vitamin D3: 600,000UI; vitamin E: 4000mg; vitamin K3:400mg; folic acid: 80mg; choline: 100,000mg; manganese: 14g; Zn: 40g; Fe: 32g; Cu: 48g; I: 0.5g; Cobalt: 0.28g; Selenium: 0.04g; DCP: dicalcium phosphate |
|||||||
Chemical composition and AME values of diets for the 5 - 8 week old period are shown in Table 3.
|
Table 3. Chemical composition and AME values of diets for the period from 5-8 weeks (%, DM) |
||||||
|
Item (%) |
AME 12.6 |
AME 13.0 |
||||
|
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
|
|
DM |
88.7 |
88.4 |
88.5 |
88.8 |
88.7 |
88.8 |
|
OM |
91.6 |
90.9 |
90.7 |
92.3 |
91.8 |
91.7 |
|
CP |
18.9 |
19.0 |
19.0 |
18.9 |
18.9 |
19.0 |
|
EE |
9.19 |
7.86 |
7.79 |
8.70 |
7.80 |
7.85 |
|
NFE |
58.5 |
59.8 |
59.7 |
60.0 |
61.0 |
60.6 |
|
CF |
5.01 |
4.12 |
4.08 |
4.80 |
4.18 |
4.21 |
|
NDF |
20.0 |
18.3 |
18.1 |
19.3 |
17.6 |
17.5 |
|
ADF |
8.37 |
7.12 |
7.01 |
7.72 |
6.83 |
6.81 |
|
Ash |
7.68 |
8.28 |
8.20 |
7.00 |
7.21 |
7.07 |
|
Lysine |
0.81 |
1.00 |
1.20 |
0.81 |
1.00 |
1.20 |
|
Methionine |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
|
Ca |
0.75 |
1.09 |
1.10 |
0.77 |
0.97 |
0.96 |
|
P |
1.13 |
1.19 |
1.18 |
1.02 |
1.04 |
1.02 |
|
AME (MJ/kg) |
12.56 |
12.55 |
12.56 |
12.96 |
12.94 |
12.96 |
A total of 180 local Muscovy ducks at 9 weeks of age was selected based on evarage live weight from the birds used for the 5-8 week period. Then, they were allocated to six treatments in a factorial design with two factors, three levels of dietary lysine (0.7, 0.9 and 1.1%) and two levels of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) (13.4 and 13.8 MJ/kg DM), with 17.0% CP, and with three replicates of 10 birds, balanced for sex per experimental unit.
Feed ingredient composition in diets of the 9-12 week old local Muscovy ducks is shown in Table 4.
|
Table 4. Dietary feed ingredient composition for the period 9-12 weeks (%, DM) |
||||||
|
Feed |
AME 13.4 |
AME 13.8 |
||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
|
|
Maize |
25.0 |
25.0 |
26.0 |
36.5 |
38.5 |
39.2 |
|
Rice bran |
37.7 |
37.4 |
36.0 |
27.2 |
26.0 |
25.0 |
|
Broken rice |
20.0 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
18.0 |
18.0 |
18.0 |
|
Fish meal |
5.50 |
5.56 |
5.57 |
6.00 |
8.50 |
8.50 |
|
Soybean meal |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
11.5 |
8.00 |
8.00 |
|
Premix- mineral-vitamin |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
|
Lysine |
- |
0.23 |
0.47 |
- |
0.21 |
0.45 |
|
Methionine |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
|
DCP |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0,50 |
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
LLys 0.7; Lys 0.9; Lys 1.1: treatments had lysine levels of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1% ; ME 13.4 and ME 13.8: treatments had metablisable energy levels of 13.4 and 13.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Vitamin-mineral premix per kg: vitamin A: 2.500.000UI; vitamin D3: 600.000UI; vitamin E: 4000mg; vitamin K3:400mg; folic acid: 80mg; choline:100,000mg; manganese:14g; Zn:40g; Fe:32g; Cu:48g; I:0.5g; cobalt:0.28g; selenium:0.04g; DCP: dicalcium phosphate |
||||||
Chemical composition and AME values of diets for the 9 - 12 week period are shown in Table 5.
|
Table 5. Chemical composition and AME values for diets for the 9 - 12 week period (%, DM) |
||||||
|
Item (%) |
AME 13.4 |
AME 13.8 |
||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
|
|
DM |
88.6 |
88.7 |
88.7 |
88.8 |
88.8 |
88.79 |
|
OM |
93.5 |
93.2 |
93.0 |
94.2 |
93.7 |
93.5 |
|
CP |
16.9 |
16.9 |
16.9 |
16.9 |
17.0 |
16.9 |
|
EE |
7.43 |
7.40 |
7.33 |
7.02 |
6.54 |
6.48 |
|
NFE |
64.8 |
64.6 |
64.6 |
66.0 |
66.3 |
66.3 |
|
CF |
4.21 |
4.19 |
4.15 |
4.07 |
3.76 |
3.73 |
|
NDF |
17.7 |
17.7 |
17.5 |
17.3 |
17.0 |
16.9 |
|
ADF |
6.58 |
6.55 |
6.45 |
6.01 |
5.59 |
5.51 |
|
Ash |
5.92 |
5.91 |
5.82 |
5.20 |
5.48 |
5.40 |
|
Lysine |
0.71 |
0.90 |
1.10 |
0.71 |
0.90 |
1.10 |
|
Methionine |
0.33 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
|
Ca |
0.73 |
0.74 |
0.74 |
0.75 |
0.88 |
0.87 |
|
P |
0.86 |
0.86 |
0.84 |
0.74 |
0.77 |
0.76 |
|
AME (MJ/kg) |
13.4 |
13.37 |
13.38 |
13.83 |
13.80 |
113.80 |
The birds were housed in sheds divided into pens by wire netting, with a thatched roof and concrete floors covered with rice husks for bedding, and with an average density of four birds per m2. The temperature in the house averaged 23-250C in the morning, 32-370C at noon and 21-250C at night, with a maximum of 370CC. Natural light was used in the day and electric bulbs at night to allow eating as well as to deter mice. The manure and litter were removed once every week. Both drinkers and feeders were cleaned daily each morning. Drinkers were filled with fresh water for the drinking and bathing requirements of the birds. The ducks were offered feed three times a day, at 7:30, 13:30 and 17:00 h and refusals were collected and weighed daily each morning for calculating feed intakes.
The feed ingredients, maize, broken rice, rice bran, fish meal and soybean meal were analyzed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, Ash (AOAC 1990) and NDF and ADF (Van Soest et al 1991), Ca, P and amino acid composition (Amino Quant 1990). The breast and thigh meat was analysed for DM, CP, EE and ash by standard AOAC methods (AOAC 1990).
The data were analyzed by analysis of variance using the ANOVA of General Linear Model of Minitab Reference Manual Release 16.1.0 (Minitab 2010). The Tukey test was used to compare the means of the criteria (Minitab 2010).
|
| Picture 1. Experiment design and birds |
Daily intakes of feed, nutrients and AME of local Muscovy ducks are shown in Table 6.
|
Table 6. Daily intakes of feed, nutrients (g/duck) and AME of Muscovy ducks from 5-8 week old |
||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine levels |
A ME level s |
SE/P |
|||||
|
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
AME 12.6 |
AME 13.0 |
Lysine level |
AME level |
Lys*AME |
|
|
DM |
96.1b |
98.9ab |
103a |
96.6 |
102 |
1.73/0.039 |
1.41/0.016 |
2.44/0.815 |
|
OM |
88.4 |
90.4 |
94.1 |
87.9 |
93.9 |
1.58/0.066 |
1.29/0.007 |
2.23/0.848 |
|
CP |
18.2b |
18.7ab |
19.6a |
18.3 |
19.3 |
0.33/0.027 |
0.27/0.019 |
0.46/0.793 |
|
EE |
8.59a |
7.74b |
8.07ab |
7.98 |
8.29 |
0.15/0.005 |
0.12/0.092 |
0.21/0.868 |
|
NFE |
56.9b |
59.8ab |
62.1a |
57.3 |
61.8 |
1.03/0.013 |
0.84/0.003 |
1.45/0.745 |
|
CF |
4.71a |
4.11b |
4.28b |
4.24 |
4.49 |
0.08/0.001 |
0.06/0.018 |
0.11/0.776 |
|
NDF |
18.9 |
17.8 |
18.4 |
18.1 |
18.5 |
0.32/0.090 |
0.27/0.343 |
0.46/0.749 |
|
ADF |
7.72a |
6.89b |
7.13b |
7.23 |
7.27 |
0.13/0.002 |
0.11/0.785 |
0.18/0.938 |
|
Ash |
7.04b |
7.65a |
7.87a |
7.79 |
7.25 |
0.13/0.002 |
0.11/0.004 |
0.19/0.172 |
|
Lysine |
0.78c |
0.99b |
1.24a |
0.97 |
1.03 |
0.02/0.001 |
0.01/0.018 |
0.02/0.980 |
|
Methionine |
0.36b |
0.37ab |
0.39a |
0.37 |
0.39 |
0.01/0.039 |
0.01/0.016 |
0.01/0.815 |
|
Ca |
0.73b |
1.02a |
1.06a |
0.95 |
0.92 |
0.01/0.001 |
0.01/0.121 |
0.02/0.001 |
|
P tổng số |
1.03b |
1.10ab |
1.13a |
1.13 |
1.05 |
0.02/0.008 |
0.02/0.004 |
0.03/0.264 |
|
AME (MJ/duck) |
1.23b |
1.26ab |
1.32a |
1.21 |
1.32 |
0.02/0.038 |
0.02/0.001 |
0.03/0.830 |
|
a, b, c Means with different letters within the same row are significantly different at the 5% level |
||||||||
The results of Table 6 show that, daily DM intake significantly (P<0.039) increased with increasing lysine levels, with the highest value (103 g/bird) for the Lys 1.2 treatment. The DM intake was significantly (P<0.016) higher for the AME 13.0 treatment. The result was consistent with the intake data of 103 g/bird in a previous study on 4-10 week old Muscovy ducks fed duckweed as replacement for soybean meal in a broken rice basal diet in the Mekong Delta (Bui Xuan Men et al 1996). However, DM intake in our experiment was lower than the value of 118 g/bird in an earlier trial on 3-6 week old Muscovy ducks fed diets that contained 18% CP and 12.23 MJ ME/kg (Laila et al 2012). Similarly, the daily CP intakes were significantly (P<0.027) different among lysine and between ME levels. The higher results were for the Lys 1.2 and AME 13.0 treatments, probably due to higher DM intakes in these treatments. Daily intakes of CF and ADF were significantly (P<0.001); P<0.002, respectively) lower for the Lys 1.0, Lys 1.2 and AME 12.6 treatments. Daily intake of lysine significantly (P<0.001) increased with increasing lysine levels in the diets, which corresponded with the experimental design, with the highest values in the Lys 1.2 and AME 13.0 treatments. Methionine intake was significantly (P<0.039) higher for the birds fed the Lys 1.2 diet. Daily intakes of Ca were singificantly lower for the Lys0.8 treatment and the interaction between two factors was unexpected. Daily AME intakes significantly increased with increasing lysine in the diet, with the highest intakes (P<0.038) for ducks fed the Lys 1.2 and AME 13.0 diets, possibly due to higher DM intakes.
The weight gain, live weight and feed conversion ratio of 5-8 week old Muscovy ducks are shown in Table 7.
|
Table 7. Daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Muscovy ducks from 5-8 week old (g/bird) |
||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine level |
AME level |
SE/P |
|||||
|
Lys 0.8 |
Lys 1.0 |
Lys 1.2 |
ME 12.6 |
ME 13.0 |
Lysine level |
ME level |
Lys*ME |
|
|
Initial weight |
753 |
746 |
745 |
747 |
749 |
13.1/0.898 |
10.7/0.911 |
18.5/0.97 |
|
Final weight |
1991b |
2044ab |
2071a |
1999 |
2072 |
20.6/0.049 |
16.8/0.010 |
19.2/0.81 |
|
Daily weight gain |
44.2b |
46.3ab |
47.4a |
44.7 |
47.2 |
0.77/0.039 |
0.63/0.015 |
1.09/0.85 |
|
FCR |
2.17 |
2.14 |
2.19 |
2.16 |
2.19 |
0.06/0.835 |
0.05/0.92 |
0.08/0.97 |
|
CP/weight gain (g/kg) |
411 |
405 |
415 |
410 |
411 |
11.1/0.812 |
9.03/0.97 |
15.6/0.98 |
|
ME/weight gain (MJ/kg) |
27.7 |
27.2 |
27.9 |
27.2 |
28.1 |
0.74/0.819 |
0.61/0.30 |
1.06/0.98 |
|
a, b Means with different letters within the same row are significantly different at the 5% level |
||||||||
The effect of lysine level was significant, with the highest daily weight gains (DWG) foundon the Lys 1.2 treatment and the lowest on the Lys 0.8 (P<0.039). Also, DWG was significantly (P<0.015) higher on the AME 13.0 treatment than that on the AME 12.6 treatment (Table 7). The explanation is the higher DM, CP, lysine, methionine and AME intakes of these treatments. The results in our study were higher than those in a study on 4-8 week old Muscovy ducks fed a diet that contained 18% CP and 12.6MJ ME/kg (34.9g/day), reported by Miclosanu and Roibu (2001).The different results obtained between these studies can be explained by the different diets and management. Significantly (P<0.049) higher final live weights (FLW) were found in the Lys 1.2 treatment and in the AME 12.97, corresponding with the results of daily weight gains. The results in our experiment were consistent with those (1,973- 2,142 g) of a study on 3-6 week old Muscovy ducks reported by Gaafar et al (2013).
There were no significant differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR) among lysine levels and between AME levels (P>0.835). These values are in agreement with reports of Gaafar et al (2013) that Muscovy ducks had FCR of 2.04, but were lower than the value of 2.71 in a study on crossbred Muscovy ducks reported by Baéza et al (2012). In this period the CP/weight gain (g/kg) and AME/weight gain (g/MJ) of the ducks was similar for the Lys treatments, and for the AME treatments (from 405 to 415 and from 27.2 to 28.1, respectively). Feeding duckweed as replacement for soybean meal in a rice bran basal diet for local Muscovy ducks from 5 to 12 weeks of age, Dang Thi My Tu et al (2012) reported values from 653 to 700 and from 55.2 to 56.1, respectively.
Daily intakes of feed, nutrients and AME of 9-12 week old Muscovy ducks are shown inTable 8.
|
Table 8. Daily intakes of feed, nutrients and AME of Muscovy ducks from 9-12 weeks old (g/bird) |
||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine level |
AME level |
SE/P |
|||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
AME 13.4 |
AME 13.8 |
Lysine level |
AME level |
Lys*AME |
|
|
DM |
98.6b |
102ab |
109a |
99.6 |
106 |
2.53/0.047 |
2.07/0.040 |
3.58/0.313 |
|
OM |
92.6 |
95.1 |
101 |
92.8 |
99.7 |
2.38/0.063 |
1.94/0.027 |
3.36/0.305 |
|
CP |
16.7b |
17.3ab |
18.4a |
16,9 |
18.0 |
0.43/0.050 |
0.35/0.035 |
0.61/0.295 |
|
EE |
7.11 |
7.07 |
7.49 |
7.35 |
7.09 |
0.18/0.231 |
0.15/0.242 |
0.25/0.066 |
|
NFE |
64.5b |
66.6ab |
71.0a |
64.4 |
70.4 |
1.66/0.048 |
1.36/0.008 |
2.35/0.371 |
|
CF |
4.08 |
4.03 |
4.28 |
4.16 |
4.09 |
0.10/0.251 |
0.08/0.566 |
0.15/0.058 |
|
NDF |
17.3 |
17.6 |
18.6 |
17.6 |
18.1 |
0.44/0.111 |
0.36/0.284 |
0.62/0.228 |
|
ADF |
6.19 |
6.15 |
6.49 |
6.49 |
6.06 |
0.16/0.290 |
0.13/0.032 |
0.22/0.064 |
|
Ash |
5.46b |
5.78ab |
6.09a |
5.86 |
5.70 |
0.14/0.027 |
0.11/0.353 |
0.20/0.492 |
|
Lysine |
0.70c |
0.92b |
1.19a |
0.91 |
0.96 |
0.02/0.001 |
0.02/0.043 |
0.03/0.368 |
|
Methionine |
0.33b |
0.34ab |
0.36a |
0.33 |
0.35 |
0.01/0.047 |
0.01/0.040 |
0.01/0.314 |
|
Ca |
0.73b |
0.83a |
0.87a |
0.73 |
0.89 |
0.02/0.001 |
0.02/0.001 |
0.03/0.209 |
|
P |
0.79b |
0.83ab |
0.87a |
0.85 |
0.80 |
0.02/0.042 |
0.01/0.079 |
0.02/0.517 |
|
AME (MJ/day) |
1.34b |
1.38ab |
1.47a |
1.33 |
1.47 |
0.03/0.050 |
0.03/0.005 |
0.05/0.326 |
|
a, b, c Means with different letters within the same row are significantly different at the 5% level |
||||||||
The results in Table 8 show that, daily DM intake significantly (P<0,047) increased with increasing lysine levels, with the highest value (109 g/bird) for the Lys 1.1 treatment. The DM intake of the AME 13.8 treatment was significantly (P<0.040) higher than that of the AME 13.4 treatment. The DM intakes are in agreement with ranges of 103 -115 g/bird and 102-110 g/bird found in previous studies on local Muscovy ducks fed brewery waste as replacement for concentrate (Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Ogle 2003), and in a study where duckweed replaced soybean meal in a rice bran basal diet (Dang Thi My Tu et al 2012), respectively. The daily CP intakes were significantly (P<0.05) different among lysine and between AME levels. The CP intakes were higher (P<0.05) for the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments, probably due to higher DM intakes in these treatments. The results obtained were similar to findings of 15.6-19.8 g CP/bird reported in a previous study on local Muscovy ducks fed duckweed as a replacement for soybean meal in a rice bran basal diet (Dang Thi My Tu et al 2012). Daily intake of lysine and methionine significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing lysine levels in diets, corresponding with the experimental design. The highest values were in the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments. Daily AME intakes were highest (P<0.05) for birds fed the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 diets, as a result of the higher DM intakes.
The weight gain, final weight and FCR of 9-12 week old Muscovy ducks are shown in Table 9.
|
Table 9. Daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Muscovy ducks from 9-12 weeks old (g/bird) |
||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine level |
AME level |
SE/P |
|||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
AME 13,4 |
AME 13,8 |
Lysine level |
AME level |
Lys*AME |
|
|
Initial weight (g/bird) |
2051 |
2061 |
2041 |
2041 |
2060 |
18.8/0.756 |
15.3/0.388 |
26.6/0.633 |
|
Final weight (g/bird) |
2450b |
2520b |
2647a |
2499 |
2.578 |
24.7/0.001 |
20.1/0.017 |
34.9/0.500 |
|
Daily weight gain(g/bird/day) |
14.3b |
16.4b |
21.6a |
16.4 |
18.5 |
0.63/0.001 |
0.52/0.013 |
0.90/0.100 |
|
FCR |
7.02a |
6.33ab |
5.04b |
6.28 |
5.98 |
0.38/0.011 |
0.31/0.509 |
0.54/0.245 |
|
CP/weight gain (g/kg) |
1191a |
1074ab |
853b |
1063 |
1015 |
65.4/0.010 |
53.4/0.530 |
92.5/0.242 |
|
AME/ weight gain (MJ/kg) |
95.7a |
85.7ab |
68.4b |
84.1 |
82.6 |
5.25/0.010 |
4.28/0.812 |
7.43/0.235 |
|
a, b Means with different letters within the same row are significantly different at the 5% level |
||||||||
Daily weight gain (DWG) on the Lys 1.1 treatment was significantly (P<0.001) higher than on the Lys 0.7 and Lys 0.9 treatments, and was higher (P<0.013) for the AME 13.8 treatment (Table 9). These differences can be explained that higher DM, CP, lysine, methionine and AME intakes in these treatments resulting in higher DWG. The results of our trial were similar to findings of previous studies on 9-12 week old Muscovy ducks reported by Laila et al (2012) and on Muscovy ducks fed a broken rice basal diet supplemented with protein sources from water spinach, duckweed and wild taro leaves found by Phongphanith et al (2012) (18.9 g/day, 17,1-27,6 g/day, respectively). The significantly (P<0.001) higher final weights were found in the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments (2,647 g and 2,578 g, respectively). These values are consistent with the data of studies on Muscovy ducks reported by Miclosanu and Roibu (2001), Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Ogle (2003), Laila et al (2012) and Tu et al (2012), (2.45 kg, 2.35-2.54 kg; and 2.59 kg, 2.20-2.53 kg, respectively).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P<0.011) lower for the group fed the 1.1% lysine diet (Lys 1.1), probably due to higher weight gain, while the highest value was for the birds fed 0.7% lysine in the diet (Lys 0.7) (Table 9). These results are in agreement with the data (6.03) of 9-12 week old Muscovy ducks reported by Laila et al (2012). The FCRs in the 9-12 week period were higher than those in the 5-8 week old duck period, probably because of lower daily gains, especially for the female Muscovy ducks which reach mature body weight at 10 weeks of age (Swatland 1981). The FCRs were calculated for whole experimental period from 5-12 weeks, with values of 3.62 - 4.60 which are consistent with the values of 4.32-4.63 reported by Dang Thi My Tu et al (2012). In an experiment where a concentrate was replaced by brewery waste in diets of local Muscovy ducks, Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Ogle (2003) reported values from 607 to 918 g/kg and from 37.5 to 40.7 MJ/kg, respectively. In general these values were higher for this period compared to the period from 5 to 8 weeks of age.
Mean values for slaughter weights, carcass traits and internal organs of local Muscovy ducks are shown in Table 10.
|
Table 10. Mean values for slaughter weights, carcass traits and internal organs of local Muscovy ducks |
||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine level |
AME level |
SE/P |
|||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
AME 13.4 |
AME 13.8 |
Lysine level |
AME level |
Lys*AME |
|
|
Live weight, g/bird |
2425c |
2519b |
2621a |
2494 |
2549 |
17.5/0.001 |
14.3/0.019 |
24.7/0.708 |
|
Carcass weight, g |
1616b |
1672a |
1706a |
1637 |
1692 |
13.1/0.001 |
10.7/0.003 |
18.5/0.547 |
|
Carcass, % |
66.6 |
66.4 |
65.1 |
65.6 |
66.4 |
0.47/0.095 |
0.39/0.186 |
0.67/0.791 |
|
Breast muscle, g |
297b |
345ab |
356a |
310 |
354 |
15.4/0.042 |
12.6/0.027 |
21.7/0.89 |
|
Breast muscle, % |
18.3 |
20.6 |
20.8 |
18.9 |
20.9 |
0.80/0.10 |
0.66/0.054 |
1.14/0.97 |
|
Thigh muscle, g |
252b |
257ab |
274a |
252 |
270 |
5.49/0.035 |
4.48/0.018 |
7.76/0.416 |
|
Thigh muscle, % |
15.6 |
15.4 |
16.1 |
15.4 |
16.0 |
0.32/0.315 |
0.27/0.181 |
0.46/0.280 |
|
Breast + Thigh muscle, g |
564b |
619ab |
645a |
594 |
624 |
16.6/0.014 |
13.5/0.008 |
23.4/0.926 |
|
Breast + Thigh muscle, % |
34.9 |
36.9 |
37.8 |
36.2 |
36.9 |
0.82/0.075 |
0.67/0.023 |
1.16/0.827 |
|
Abdominal fat, g |
21.8 |
25.5 |
28.0 |
22.0 |
28.2 |
2.25/0.193 |
1.84/0.034 |
3.19/0.143 |
|
Abdominal fat, % |
1.34 |
1.53 |
1.64 |
1.34 |
1.68 |
0.13/0.327 |
0.11/0.055 |
0.19/0.122 |
|
Liver, g |
46.2 |
43.7 |
47.8 |
45.1 |
46.7 |
2.09/0.413 |
1.71/0.539 |
2.96/0.991 |
|
Gizzard, g |
66.9 |
68.0 |
66.1 |
65.3 |
68.7 |
2.07/0.810 |
1.69/0.178 |
2.93/0.494 |
|
Heart, g |
18.4 |
17.9 |
18.1 |
17.6 |
18.7 |
0.89/0.931 |
0.73/0.308 |
1.26/0.526 |
|
a, b, c Means with different letters within the same row are significantly different at the 5% level |
||||||||
At a finishing age of 12 weeks, 36 ducks including 18 males and 18 females with representative live weights were selected from all experimental units and slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Mean carcass yields among the three lysine levels, as well as between two ME levels in diets, were significantly (P<0.05) different (Table 10). The carcass weights in the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments were higher than those of the other treatments (P<0.001), these differences corresponding with the final weights ofthe birds. Percentages of carcass were similar among the lysine levels and between AME levels (P>0.095), being from 65.1 - 66.6%, which are similar to the values of 63.0- 68.9% in a trial on Muscovy ducks (Tugiyanti et al 2013). The weights of breast and thigh muscle were significantly (P<0.042) higher on the Lys 1.1 and AME 13.8 treatments than on the other treatments, due to higher carcass weights. The breast and thigh muscle weights in the current trial were higher than those reported by Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Ogle (2003), of 301 g for breast muscle weight and 223 g for thigh meat weight.
The ducks fed the AME 13.8 diet had significantly (P<0.034) higher abdominal fat weights than those fed the AME 13.4 diet. This could be due to the higher DM and AME intakes of the birds in these treatments. There were no significant differences in weights of liver, gizzard and heart among the lysine levels and between AME levels (P>0. 05).
|
Table 11. Chemical composition of breast and thigh muscle of local Muscovy ducks (% of fresh weight) |
|||||||||
|
Item |
Lysine level |
AME level |
SE/P |
||||||
|
Lys 0.7 |
Lys 0.9 |
Lys 1.1 |
AME 13.4 |
AME 13.8 |
Lysine level |
AME level |
Lys*AME |
||
|
Breast muscle |
|||||||||
|
DM |
25.1 |
26.7 |
26.2 |
25.9 |
26.1 |
0.52/0136 |
0.42/0.685 |
0.73/0.987 |
|
|
OM |
97.3 |
97.3 |
97.4 |
97.4 |
97.3 |
0.18/0.969 |
0.15/0.834 |
0.26/0.908 |
|
|
CP |
21.1 |
20.9 |
22.0 |
21.1 |
21.7 |
0.62/0.455 |
0.51/0.399 |
0.870.748 |
|
|
EE |
2.91 |
3.01 |
3.06 |
2.99 |
2.99 |
0.09/0.501 |
0.07/0.945 |
0.13/0.321 |
|
|
Ash |
2.79 |
2.68 |
2.63 |
2.72 |
2.69 |
0.18/0.807 |
0.15/0.920 |
0.25/0.747 |
|
|
Thigh muscle |
|||||||||
|
DM |
24.7 |
25.3 |
26.1 |
25.7 |
24.9 |
0.49/0.146 |
0.40/0.190 |
0.69/0.178 |
|
|
OM |
97.2 |
97.5 |
97.4 |
97.3 |
97.4 |
0.16/0.411 |
0.13/0.469 |
0.22/0.931 |
|
|
CP |
20.0 |
20.6 |
21.3 |
20.6 |
20.7 |
0.43/0.162 |
0.34/0.885 |
0.60/0.647 |
|
|
EE |
3.35 |
3.23 |
3.05 |
3.11 |
3.37 |
0.22/0.464 |
0.18/0.316 |
0.31/0.750 |
|
|
Ash |
2.81 |
2.50 |
2.64 |
2.72 |
2.58 |
0.16/0.411 |
0.13/0.469 |
0.22/0.931 |
|
There were no effects of dietary lysine and ME levels on the chemical composition of the breast and thigh muscle (P>0.05) (Table 11). The concentrations of DM and CP of breast muscle in the trial were similar to the values reported by Laila et al (2012) and Nguyen Thuy Linh and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong (2016), being 26% DM and 19.9% CP and 25.5-26.5% DM and 19.4-20.4% CP respectively.
It can be concluded that diet with 1.2% lysine and 13.0 MJ/kg DM improved daily weight gain and final live weight for the period from 5-8 weeks of age. For the period from 9-12 weeks of age, levels of 1.1% lysine, and 13.8 MJ ME/kg DM resulted in superior daily weight gain and carcass traits of local Muscovy ducks.
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Received 11 July 2017; Accepted 4 December 2017; Published 1 January 2018