| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (1) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
Native/local breeds of chicken are playing major role for the rural poor and marginalized section of the people in developing and underdeveloped countries. The Creole laying hen, comprises a great variety of biotypes, is reared in an extensive system by very small farmers in the high lands and Amazonian region of Peru, is characterized by low production, high resistance to diseases but is not well studied. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the blood biochemical profiles and chemical composition of eggs of Creole and Hy-Line Brown laying hens reared at an extensive and intensive system respectively. Twenty Creole and twenty Hy-Line Brown hens in the laying stage were used; the Creole hens were fed with maize and the Hy-Line Brown hens were fed with a balanced diet according to their requirements. Creole hens shown lower levels of hemoglobin with relation to the Hy-Line Brown and hematocrit levels were higher (p<0.05) for them. Albumin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, were higher (p<0.05) in the Creole hens; meanwhile, the total serum protein was greater (p<0.05) for the Hy-Line Brown hens. Dry matter, ethereal extract and total energy of the eggs without shells and egg yolk were higher (p<0.05) for Creole hens. It is concluded that levels of biochemical profiles and chemical components of the eggs are higher in the Creole than in the Hy-Line Brown lying hens.
Keywords: albumen, cholesterol, extensive rearing, triglycerides, yolk
Currently, genetics, nutrition, therapy and the rearing management progresses have allowed poultry to reach high productive performances (Li et al 2017; Khawaja et al 2013; Fernández y Marsó 2003). However, the main characteristics of the industrial rearing system of poultry is the overpopulation per surface area unit, this brings changes in behavior like competition for food, water and space to rest, temperature increase and chemical saturation of the area, which causes a situation of disturbances in their wellbeing (Jahanian and Mirfendereski 2015; Ralph et al 2015).
This causes the frequent use of vaccines and antimicrobial chemicals to avoid disease outbreaks. Furthermore once any treatment is concluded, chemical residual could be found in meat or eggs of poultry, which may be harmful to health of consumers (Bilandžić et al 2015; Bistoletti et al 2011; Sakai et al 2016).
In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the production of unconfined animals in many countries. This is in response to an increase in consumer demand for foods of animal origin that are free of residual hormones, antibiotics and risky chemicals and at the same time have better nutritional values (Kühn et al 2014; Küükyilmaz et al 2012; Hammershøj 2011). Moreover, Indigenous/native breeds of chicken are playing major role for the rural poor and marginalized section of the people with respect to their subsidiary income and also provide them with nutritious chicken egg and meat for their own consumption (Aswani et al 2017; Larbi et al., 2013; FAO 2010; European commission 2000).
The Creole laying hen, reared in an extensive system by small farmers in the high lands and Amazonian regions of Peru, comprises a great variety of biotypes and is characterized by low production, but high resistance to diseases (Rehman et al 2016; Iseri et al 2013; Tong et al 2012; Chao and Leet 2001; Ardia et al 2008). Improving rearing of this breed hen could be an alternative for improving rural population nutrition and income and supplying organic egg for markets (Padhi 2016). Nevertheless, a void exists in the knowledge of the physiology and the chemical composition of the eggs of this breed compared with those from intensive reared system breeds.
The objectives of this work were to determine the blood biochemical profiles and chemical composition of eggs of Creole compared to Hy-Line Brown hens.
Twenty from an eighty creoles hens flock, reared in an extensive system, with an average live weight of 1.9 kg and 68 weeks old, were randomly separated. Similarly, twenty from a 900 flock of Hy-Line Brown hens with an average live weight of 1.8 kg and 56 weeks old, reared under an intensive system were used. Both flocks were reared at a local average temperature of 24.85 oC and a relative humidity of 80%.
For the Creole hens reared in an extensive system, a rustic hen house constructed of local wooden materials which are constructed by farmers in the Alto Huallaga basin were used for nesting and resting. Meanwhile, a 4.80 m long x 3.6 m wide pen closed off with metal mesh and a 1.65 m long x 0.55 m wide x 0.60 m high nest in a poultry facility 25.15 m long x 10.15 m wide; was made for the Hy-Line Brown hens.
Creole hens were fed by themself, based on grass, insects and other inputs that could be found in the fields; also, a 30 g per hen of whole kernel maize was given as it is done by local producers. Meanwhile, the Hy-Line Brown hens were fed with 109 g/hen/day of balanced diets according their requirements containing 14.6% of the crude protein and 2938 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (Hy-Line 2016).
Blood samples with EDTA were taken from the wing vein of each experimental hen for determining hemoglobin and hematocrit profiles. Hemoglobin was analyzed by the cyanmethemoglobin technique and the hematocrit by the microhematocrit technique at 11,000 rpm (Samour et al 2016) in a Kert Lab Tom’s centrifuge (USA Science Tech Group). Blood samples without EDTA, from which the serum was separated by centrifugation, were also taken. In blood serum, total serum protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (Wiener Lab 2012) were determined using a spectrophotometer DIALAB DTN 405 with 515 and 450nm filters. Samples were taken at the first and at the thirty day of the study.
Ninety eggs from both breeding hens collected during thirty days were used. Thirty eggs collected in the first fifteen days were used for evaluating the whole egg without shell composition. In sixty eggs collected in the next fifteen days, the albumen and yolk were evaluated, respectively. Evaluations of dry matter, moisture, total protein, ethereal extract, ash, nitrogen free extract and brute energy were done by proximate analysis (Nielsen 2006).
For biochemical profiles, the results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 2 x 2 (2 evaluations and 2 laying breeds), with twenty repetitions per breed. Data was analyzed by Software Statistics Infostat (2016) for variance and by Tuckey test (p<0.05) two paired averages for significance.
Hemoglobin profile was influenced by breeding, observing that the Creole hens had lower concentrations of hemoglobin, compared to the Hy-Line Brown hens (Table 1). The reported levels of hemoglobin for the Hy-Line Brown hens were higher in comparison to the studies by Hurtado-Ramirez et al (2014), in laying hens during the pullet stage.
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Table 1. Hematological parameters and Biochemical Profile in the Blood Serum of Creole and Hy-Line Brown Hens |
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|
Factors |
Evaluation day (ED) |
SEM |
Breeding (B) |
SEM |
ED x B
|
|||||
|
Day 1 |
Day 30 |
p-value |
Creole |
Hy-Line Brown |
p-value |
|||||
|
Hb, g/dL |
10.8 |
11.4 |
p>0.05 |
0.3 |
10.0b |
12.8a |
p<0.01 |
0.4 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
Hct (%) |
26.0 |
24.2 |
p>0.05 |
0.4 |
27.8a |
23.4b |
p<0.05 |
0.5 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
TP, g/dL |
4.3b |
4.7a |
p<0.05 |
0.1 |
4.3b |
4.6a |
p<0.05 |
0.1 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
Alb, g/dL |
1.6 |
1.5 |
p>0.05 |
0.04 |
1.7a |
1.4b |
P<0.01 |
0.04 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
Glo, g/dL |
2.8b |
3.1a |
p<0.01 |
0.1 |
3.0 |
2.91 |
p>0.05 |
0.1 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
Glu, mg/dL |
182 |
183 |
p>0.05 |
2.7 |
186 |
180 |
p>0.05 |
2.9 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
TG, mg/dL |
458 |
443 |
p>0.05 |
24.4 |
513a |
388b |
p<0.05 |
27 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
TC, mg/dL |
82.3 |
80 |
p>0.05 |
3.8 |
103a |
59.6b |
p<0.01 |
6.3 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
HDL, mg/dL |
12.4 |
10.1 |
p>0.05 |
1.3 |
13.4a |
9.0b |
p<o.o5 |
1.8 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
LDL, mg/dL |
69.5 |
66.8 |
p>0.05 |
4 |
85.6a |
50.7b |
p<0.01 |
6.4 |
p>0.05 |
|
|
Different letters within a row for each factor indicate statistical differences, Tukey (p<0.05). Evaluation days (ED), Breeding (B), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), Total serum protein (TP), albumin (Alb), Globulin (Glo), glucose (Glu), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein(LDL), |
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The level of hemoglobin in the Hy-Line Brown hens is associated with better nutritional state and body condition than creole hens (Minias, 2015). An adequate nutritional status in Hy-Line Brown hens implies an increase of metabolic rhythm, growth and weight gain, compared to the Creole hens, causing a greater oxygen requirement for tissues and consequently, greater concentrations of hemoglobin for oxygen transport will be produced (Cunninghan and Klein 2012; Paredes et al 2015). Meanwhile, the Creole hens feed a diet with a variety of components from the field but with a lesser concentration of nutrients and as a result have a lower capacity for developing tissues which causes their metabolic rhythm to be less demanding and consequently a lower hemoglobin synthesis required. The evaluation day did not influence (p>0.05) on the concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit.
Likewise, the hematocrit levels of the Creole hens are greater in comparison to the Hy-Line Brown hens (p<0.05) (Table 1). This difference may be influenced by the nature of the Creole hens diet which, although it is low in energy, it is basically made up of a variety of plants, which contain important levels of antioxidant substances; the same ones which protect the cellular membranes and particularly the erythrocytes from the action of substances that alter cells (Bors et al 2012; Bucowska et al 2012).
This same diet, based on plants, contain nutritious substances which may have stimulatory action in the immune system (Sugiharto 2016). Also, it is probable that there is a relationship with the exposure of the Creole hens to a variety of challenges of microbes in their environment, because it is documented that the erythrocytes in birds tend to develop immunologic functions such as synthesis of a number of similar cytokines to leukocytes, especially when they are challenged (Morera et al 2011; Claver and Quaglia 2009; Paredes et al 2015) and therefore their increase in blood. In contrast the Hy-Line Brown hens being in a controlled environment focused on diminishing the battle with microorganisms, erythrocytes may not be challenged.
The Creole hens presented lower levels of protein in comparison with the Hy-Line Brown line hens (Table 1). This is possibly due to the deficient input of protein nutrients in the daily diet of Creole hens, in relation to the Hy-Line Brown, which consume a balanced diet, because plasma protein levels are sensitive to nutritional factors (Eckersall 2008) and it may be related with the lower levels of hemoglobin stated above.
It may be also associated to higher levels of estrogen in plasma (Lumeij 2008) in Hy-Line Brown laying hens which induces the more intensive laying function in this breed (Lewis 2004; Lin and chan 1981), exceeding the effect of advanced age of creoles hens for increasing the total protein level (Kashap et al 2017). Also, it may be associated to vaccination for prevention of diseases of Hy-Line Brown hens reared in an intensive conventional system during the starter and growth phases.
However, albumin profile was higher in creole than in Hy-Lyne Brown laying hens (Table 1). This result may be related with the more advanced age of creole than Hy-Lyne Brown laying hens as found by Kashap et al (2017). Moreover, Total protein level found in this study for creole laying hens is lower (4.3 g/dl) than those found in creoles (5.0 g/dl) (Paredes et 2015) and local rural breeds: Desi (5.23 g/dl), Fayoumi (4.98 g/dl) and Rhode Island Red (5.10 g/dl) during production phase (Khawaja et al 2012).
The Creole hens showed greater levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins in comparison with the Hy-Line Brown hens and the globulin and glucose profile had similar results (Table 1). The higher level of lipids profile maybe related to genetics (Flóres et al 2013; Imasuen and Otoikhian 2012), the ad libitum form of feeding and the unbalanced energy diets that the Creole hens receive in contrast with the balanced and controlled diet of the Hy-Line Brown hens (Martínez y Poveda 2010; Flórez y Osorio 2013).
The greater level of these profiles in the Creole hens may also be associated with reserve mechanisms for broodiness which is common in this hen biotype and is associated with a decrease of food consumption (Johnson 2015) for around three week period, However, these biochemical profiles are found within the normal profile ranges for hens (Reece 2015; Hurtado-Ramirez 2012; Lumeij 2008; Barbosa et al 2011; Arrieta et al 2007; Paredes et al., 2015).
For complete eggs without shell, dry matter, ethereal extract and total energy were influenced (p<0.05) by the breeding system, being at a greater level in the eggs of the Creole hens in relation to the Hy-Line brown hens (Table 2). The lower level of dry matter in the eggs of the commercial hens is similar to those reported by Quitral et al (2009). Meanwhile, the levels of total protein, ash and nitrogen free extract in the eggs were not influenced (p>0.05) by the breed of hens.
For egg albumen, the levels of total protein and nitrogen free extract were not influenced (p>0.05) by the breed. It was found that egg albumen of the Hy- Line Brown hens showed greater levels of dry matter and total energy; however, the levels of moisture, ash and ethereal extract were greater in eggs of the Creole hens (Table 2).
Eggs yolk of the Creole and Hy-Line Brown hens showed similar ( p>0.05) contents of total protein and nitrogen free extract. In the meantime, levels of dry matter, ethereal extract and total energy were greater (Table 2) for yolks of the Creole hen’s eggs, in comparison with those of the Hy-Line Brown hens. These results are related to previous studies in which greater deposited levels of carotenoids and alpha tocopherols were shown in hens fed by grazing and with discarded stalks and leaves of vegetables such as broccoli (Skrivan and Englmaierová 2014; Hu et al 2011).
|
Table 2. Chemical composition of eggs without shell, albumen and yolk from creole and hy-line brown hens |
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|
Egg without shell |
Albumen |
Yolk |
||||||||||
|
Creole |
Hy-Line Brown |
p-value |
SEM |
Creole |
Hy-Line Brown |
p-value |
SEM |
Creole |
Hy-Line Brown |
p-value |
SEM |
|
|
H (%) |
73.5 |
77.0 |
p<0.01 |
0.8 |
87.5 |
87.3b |
p<0.05 |
0.05 |
51.1 |
52.5 |
p<0.01 |
0.3 |
|
DM (%) |
26.5 |
23.0 |
p<0.01 |
0.8 |
12.5 |
12.7 |
p<0.05 |
0.05 |
48.9 |
47.5 |
p<0.01 |
0.3 |
|
TP (%) |
46.7 |
53.1 |
p>0.05 |
1.4 |
80.5 |
81.7 |
p>0.05 |
0.3 |
32.7 |
35.0 |
p>0.05 |
0.5 |
|
EE (%) |
35 |
29.3 |
p<0.01 |
1.4 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
p<0.01 |
0.04 |
52.0 |
49.8 |
p<0.05 |
0.5 |
|
A (%) |
3.3 |
3.5 |
p>0.05 |
0.04 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
p<0.01 |
0.1 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
p<0.05 |
0-05 |
|
NFE (%) |
14.5 |
14.1 |
p>0.05 |
0.1 |
17.2 |
16.1 |
p<0.01 |
0.2 |
12.1 |
11.7 |
p>0.05 |
0.1 |
|
TE (Kcal/Kg) |
6503 |
6354 |
p<0.01 |
33.5 |
4568 |
4808 |
p<0.01 |
53.7 |
7472 |
7231 |
p<0.01 |
53.7 |
|
H: humidity, DM: dry matter, TP: total protein, EE: Ethereal extract, A: ash, NFE: nitrogen free extract, TE: total energy |
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Chemical composition of eggs is influenced by the breeding system, as is shown in another study (Matt et al 2009), and this would basically be influenced by the sources of food and the available space for choice of the birds; and at the same time, for their genotype (Steenfeldt and Hammershoj 2015; Hammershoj and Steenfeldt 2015; Nicol et al 2009).
Eggs of Creole hens contain a greater level of dry matter, ethereal extract and total energy than the eggs of the Hy-Line Brown hens (Table 2) and it may be related to the higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density and low density lipoproteins profiles in their blood serum found in the present study. From this, it can be inferred that the higher content of dry matter and ethereal extract in the Creole hen’s eggs may be mostly related with lipids from the blood serum.
However, more detailed studies show that eggs of the hens reared in extensive systems contain greater levels of omega based fatty acids, vitamin D, xanthophyll, carotenoids and tocopherols (Simčič et al 2011; Skrivan and Englmaierová 2014; Kühn et al 2014; Hu et al 2011) and as a result, are better nutritionally than those from hens reared in confinement.
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Received 17 November 2017; Accepted 25 November 2017; Published 1 January 2018