The effect of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) seed meal on nutritive value of the diet, performance and carcass percentage of broiler chickens

Sugiarto and N M Toana

Animal Husbandry Department, University of Tadulako, Palu 94118 Indonesia
sugiarto@untad.ac.id

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of durian (kings of fruit) (Durio zibethinus Murr) seed meal in broiler diets. The first experiment was carried out to determine the nutritional profile of durian seed meal (DSM) treated with different heat processes and the effect on protein digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for Nitrogen (AMEn). The second experiment was conducted to investigate the levels of cooked durian seed meal on broiler performance and carcass percentage. In experiment 1, 45 three-weeks old broiler chickens were used and placed in the individual metabolism cages. The birds were kept for 2 weeks and fed diets with: sun-dried durian seed meal (SDDSM), cooked durian seed meal (CDSM) and roasted durian seed meal (RDSM). The SDDSM, CDSM or RDSM were included at 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% in the diets. Protein digestibility and AMEn were measured as parameters. In the second experiment, 200 unsexed broiler chicks were kept for 42 days and fed different levels: 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of CDSM. The use of CDSM was selected as this treatment was the best in the first experiment. The experimental diets were: CDSM-0 (control diet), CDSM-5 (control diet +5.0% CDSM), SDSM-7.5 (control diet +7.5% CDSM), CDSM-10 (control diet +10.0% CDSM) and CDSM-12.5 (control diet +12.5% CDSM). The diets and water were offered ad-libitum. A completely randomised factorial design was applied in the first experiment with 3 different heat-treated DSM as a first factor and levels of heat-treated DSM as the second factor with 3 replications. In experiment 2, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments and 4 replicate cages. The data were analysed with analysis of variance. Differences among treatments were tested for significance with Tukey test.

Results in experiment 1 indicated that the utilization of CDSM produced better protein digestibility and AMEn. The inclusion of 5.0 and 7.5% of CDSM improved protein digestibility. Cooking DSM effectively improved AMEn of the diets when CDSM was used at 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5%, compared to the diets containing SDDSM and RDSM. Birds fed the diets supplemented with 7.5% CDSM had higher feed feed intake and body weight gain in experiment 2. In conclusion, the use pf cooked durian seed meal and its 7.5% inclusion in the diet supported better protein digestibility and heavier birds fed for 42 days.

Keywords: AMEn, Kings of fruit, performance, poultry, protein digestibility

Introduction

Kings of fruit, Durio zibethinus Murr, popularly known as durian in Indonesia and Malaysia, is commonly found in tropical countries. The fruit is mostly produced in rural areas of Indonesia. Durian has been a favourite fruit in these two countries. The fruit consists of 60% thorn-covered husk, 20 % edible flesh and 20% seed. Production of durian in Indonesia increased by 8% per year from 594,842 tonnes in 2007 to 834,011 tonnes in 2012. Of 834,011 tonnes of fresh durian produced in Indonesia in 2012, durian seed equivalent to 166,802 tonnes (BPS 2013). As an agricultural waste product with abundantly available, durian seed has not yet received much attention from animal nutrionists. Studies on this fruit, particularly the seed of durian as poultry feed are still limited.

Sundu et al (2005) stated that problems of using agricultural by-product or waste product in poultry diet are numerous, such as: high in crude fibre, low in digestibility and physical characteristics. These properties can lead to slow movement of the diet in the digestive tract (Sundu 2009) and thus decreased feed intake. Nutritionally, fresh durian seed has 54.9% moisture, 3.4% protein, 1.32% lipid and 18.9 – 22.7% starch (Srianta et al 2012; Retnowati et al 2015). The presence of relatively high concentration of starch in durian seed is possibly favourable for poultry. Durian seed, on the other hand, contains polysaccharide gum, acting as hydrocolloid (Mirhosseini and Amid 2012). The substance behaves as an anti-nutrient due to its property to increase viscosity of the digesta. Accordingly, this hydrocolloid property might deteriorate the quality of this agricultural waste product and thus its inclusion in the diet could adversely affect poultry production. Rozako et al (2015) found that when the diets were supplemented with increasing levels of untreated durian seed meal, body weight gain and carcass percentage were negatively affected.

Efforts to optimize the feeding value of antinutrients – containing feedtuffs have been applied through heat treatment, enzyme supplementation (Sundu et al 2004) and fermentation (Hatta et al (2014). Study on the use of durian seed for poultry has been scarcely reported. Since this agricultural waste product possess high starch content, the treatment should disrupt the starch granules in order to be more easily digested in the digestive tract of poultry. Heat treatments, either dry-heat or moist heat, have an effect on gelatinization of starch and thus affect the digestibility. Osman (2007) stated that moist heat (such as: boiling and steaming) led to a higher digestibility than that of dry heat (such as roasting). Heat treatment is also needed to fully dissolve hydrocolloid components (Maier et al 1993) in order to minimize their negative effect on poultry performance. Accordingly, heat treatments are able to increase the quality of durian seed for poultry. The improved nutritive value of this abundant waste product of durian seed due to such treatments could not only benefit farmers, mostly living in the rural area of Indonesia, as a result of the utilization of this agricultural waste product but also produce financial benefit for poultry industry by using cheap and locally available feedstuffs. The use of durian seed meal for poultry could also be environmentally friendly. Hence, two studies were conducted to determine the potential of using durian seed meal in broiler chicken diets.

Materials and methods

Experiment 1: Nutritive value of durian seed meal

Production of heat-treated durian seed meal

Durian seeds used in this study were collected locally from the fruit market. The seeds were cleaned and chopped to 0.2 to 0.3 cm. The chopped durian seeds were sun dried for 3 days. The dried durian seed was ground and used as a feed ingredient as a sun-dried durian seed meal (SDDSM). The chopped durian seeds were devided into two categories; cooked and roasted durian seeds. The chopped durian seed was boiled in tap water with ratio 1:10 (w/v) for 30 minutes at 100^oC. The boiled durian seed was sun-dried for three consecutive days and finely ground as cooked durian seed meal (CDSM). The second chopped durian seed was roasted for 30 minutes at 100^oC by using frying pan. The roasted durian seed was finely ground as roasted durian seed meal (RDSM). The fine ground durian seeds (SDDSM, CDSM and RDSM) were analyzed for proximate fractions, Calcium and Phosphorus (AOAC 2000).

Animals, feed and management

A total of 45 Cobb broiler chickens of 3 weeks old were used for the digestibility study. The birds were kept in the individual metabolism cages for two weeks. Each cage equipped with plastic feeder and drink container, placed outside the cage. The birds were fed the experimental diets with 3 different heat-treated durian seed meal (SDDSM, CDSM and RDSM) and 5 different levels. The five different diets used are presented in Table 1 and the total 15 treatment diets used in this study are shown in Table 2. The diets and drinking water were available at all times. The surroundings of all cages were cleaned regularly throughout the study.

After 7 day adaptation period, on day 8, the digestibility study started and lasted 3 days. The plastic trays were individually put underneath the cages. Feed intake and faecal discharges were measured in daily basis for 3 consecutive days. Feathers, feed and other contamination were hand-picked from faeces prior to weighing. Total collection of faeces was oven-dried at 60^oC for 3 days. The 3 day samples from each pen were pooled and ground for proximate analysis.

Parameters measured and statistical analysis

The parameters measured were crude protein digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for Nitrogen (AMEn). The crude protein and AMEn were measured through total collection of faecal discharges (Terpstra and Jensen 1976).

A completely randomized factorial design with three different proccesed durian seed meal (SDDSM, CDSM and RDSM), five different concentrations (0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5%) of durian seed meal and three replications was adopted in this trial. Data found in this study were analyzed by analysis of variance using Minitab 14 statistical program (Minitab 2003). Differences among treatments were tested for significance by using Tukey Test (Steel and Torrie 1980).

Experiment 2. Effect of CDSM on bird performance and carcass percentage

Birds and Feed

Two hundred day-old unsexed broiler chicks were used in this trial. The birds were placed in brooder cages for two weeks and then transferred into pens in an open sided, naturally ventilated broiler chicken house. The broiler chicks were vaccinated against New Castle Diseases at day 3. The broiler chickens were kept for 6 weeks. The birds were fed the experimental diets (Table 1) with different levels of CDSM. The use of CDSM was due to the fact that boiling durian seed produced a significant improvement of the nutritive value of this agricultural by-product. Each pen was equipped with a plastic feeder and plastic drinker. The birds were offered feed and water ad-libitum. The water container and pens were regularly cleaned. The experimental diets were:

CDSM-0 = 100% control diet + 0 CDSM
CDSM-5.0 = 95% control diet + 5% CDSM
CDSM-7.5 = 92.5% control diet + 7.5% CDSM
CDSM-10.0 = 90% control diet + 10% CDSM
CDSM12.5 = 87.5% control diet + 12.5% CDSM

Parameters measured and statistical analysis

Parameters measured are body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcas percentage and breast meat percentage. Prior to killing the birds by cervical dislocation, the birds were fasted for 12 hour and individually weighed. Four birds per replicate cage were randomly selected. The broiler chickens were slaughtered and dressed by removing the feather and skin. Carcass measurement was based on the concept of Jensen (1981). This trial used a completely randomized design with five levels of CDSM concentrations and four replicate cages of ten birds each cage. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance as reccommended by Steel and Torrie (1980) and differences among treatments found in the analysis of variance were tested by Tukey Test.

Results and discussion

The results of proximate composition of the heat-treated DSM are presented in Table 3. The effects of DSM through different heating process, levels of processed DSM and their interaction on protein digestibility and Apparant metablozable energy corrected for Nitrogen (AMEn) are shown in Table 4. Crude protein of DSM found in this study was in the range between 6-7% and crude fibre content of sun-dried (SDDSM), cooked (CDSM) and roasted durian seed meal (RDSM) were 2.91, 4.25 and 3.72% respectively. Minerals Ca and P present in heat-treated DSM were about 0.8 to 0.9% and 0.7 to 0.9% respectively. Cooked durian seed meal produced better protein digestibility and AMEn of the diets. Protein digestibility differs among the levels of durian seed meal and interaction between processed DSM and levels of DSM only found in AMEn of the diets. The effects of CDSM levels on bird performance and carcass percentage can be seen in Table 5.

Although, crude protein of either sun-dried (SDDSM), cooked (CDSM) or roasted durian seed meal (RDSM) were relatively low for poultry, crude fibre contents were favourable as an alternative feedstuff for monogastrict animals particularly poultry. The maximum content of crude fibre found in CDSM was 4.25%. Extrapolating from the proximate composition, DSM had relatively high nitrogen free extract (76.8%). Since one of the component of nitrogen free extracts was starch, it can be said here that starch content present in DSM was relatively high as reported by Retnowati et al (2015), being 22.6%. This adds up the possibility of using this agricultural waste product as a poultry feedstuff.

Protein digestibility of diets containing CDSM was higher than those of SDDSM or RDSM (69.6 vs 65.3 or 66.4%). This indicates that cooking durian seed might not generate maillard products. The white colour of cooked durian seed could be an indication that browning reaction did not occur. The low digestibility of RDSM might be due to direct contact between DSM and source of the heat (the frying pan) and thus DSM undergone Maillard reaction as roasted durian seed turned brown. Sundu et al (2008) found that maillard reaction was able to reduce the digestibility of several amino acids, such as: lysine and methionine. The same case was also found in AMEn parameter. The CDSM – supplemented diet had better AMEn. The possible reason for this improvement is that cooking might well gelatinized starch present in the durian seed. Degree of gelatinization of starch was believed to be a factor influencing feed digestibility. Chang and Yang (1992) stated that gelatinization of starch was able to be limited when moisture content was low, although feed were heated up to 300^oC. Therefore, the use of moist heat, such as boiling and steaming might be beneficial to improve feed quality. Osman (2007) found that moist heat produced higher in-vitro digestibility than dry heat treatments such as roasting. That is the reason why CDSM resulted in better AMEn found in this study. This is in accordance with the finding of Walker et al (1969) indicating that gelatinized starch was more digested in the digestive tract.

An increased protein digestibility was found when the diets were supplemented with DSM up to 7.5%. Above that level, protein digestibility decreased and reached to the lowest digestibility when the diet was added 12.5% DSM. The relatinship between protein digestibility and DSM inclusion was characterized by a curvilinear function (Y= -0.12x ² + 1.22x + 66.4; R2 = 0.99). Variance analysis indicated that the supplementation of the diets with 5.0 and 7.5% of DSM had better protein digestibility than the control diet. However, the use of 12.5% DSM deteriorated the digestibility of protein. The improved protein digestibility by 4.2% due to 5.0 and 7.5% supplementation of the diets with DSM was unclear. It might not be through the inclusion of DSM per se, but it is probably because of the variety of nutrients present in the diets due to DSM supplementation. The inclusion of DSM at 12.5% decreased protein digestibility of the diet. The findings might indicate that the presence of hydrocolloid components in SDDSM and Maillard products in RDSM in high quantity in the diet might play a role in decreasing protein digestibility.

Figure 1. The relationship between protein digestibility and durian seed meal in the diet

The same curvilinear pattern was also found in the relation between AMEn of the diet and DSM addition (Y= -0.19x² – 0.47x + 2667; R²= 0.96). Interaction between heat treatments and levels of DSM was found in AMEn of the diets. The heat treatments did not influence AMEn of the diets when the birds were fed the same level of DSM. However, the birds fed the 10.0% and 12.0% CDSM in the diet had higher AMEn of the diet than SDDSM and RDSM diets at those levels. It can be stated that big reduction in AMEn due to higher inclusion of DSM (10.0% and 12.0%) was found in SDDSM and RDSM rather than in CDSM. These figures might also indicate the efficacy of moist heating to destroy the anti-nutrient component present in DSM, compared to dry heating.

Since the CDSM produced better protein digestibility and AMEn than those of roasted and sun-dried (control) durian seed found in the first experiment, the use of CDSM in the second experiment was applied. Durian seeds are still relatively favourable feed ingredient for poultry as long as ways are invented to improve the nutritive value by optimizing the availability of starch and destroying the anti-nutrient properties of polysaccharyde gum present in durian seed. Supplementation of the diets with 7.5% CDSM affected feed intake of broiler chickens. Cooking durian seed might dissolve hydrocolloid components (Maier et al 1993) and thus might not enhance viscosity due to the present of polysaccharyde gum. Accordingly, feed intake of the broiler chickens found in this current study was not negatively affected by the inclusion of CDSM, coin mpared to birds fed the control diet. The broiler chickens fed the 7.5% CDSM consumed more diet than those of other treatments.

The inclusion of DSM the diet enhanced body weight gain of broiler chickens. The pattern of improvement followed the curvilinear pattern (Y= -5.01x² + 65.2x + 1975; R ²= 0.88; Figure 2). The improved body weight gain as a result of CDSM supplementation might indicate that cooking could destroy the negative effect of hydrocolloid component and optimize the carbohydrate availability, particularly amylose as the main component of starch in the durian seed (Mirhosseini and Amid 2012). The optimal improvement of body weight gain was found when the birds fed the 7.5% CDSM. This is understandable as feed intake of the birds fed the 7.5% CDSM was also high. Inclusion of CDSM above 10% decreased body weight gain, but was still higher han those of birds fed the control diet. A similar pattern was also found in feed conversion ratio (Y= 0.003x² – 0.044x + 1.920; R² = 0.94). The birds fed the diets supplemented with 5.0 and 7.5% CDSM had lower FCR than those of the control diet due to the fact that their body weight gain was relatively better than control.

Figure 2. Correlation between body weight gain and cooked durian seed meal in the diet

The percentage of carcass ranged between 68 and 69% of the live weight of broiler chickens. This percentage seems to be in the normal range. Breast meat of the broiler chickens was in the range between 36 and 38%. This is higher than as reported by Bilgili et al (1992). The difference in breast meat percentage found in this study tompared with the findings of Bilgili et al (1992) was possibly due to the improved potential genetic of the current strain of broilers used. Bilgili et al (1992) used a strain developed more than 20 years ago. The use of CDSM in the diet did not improve the carcass percentage and breast meat.

Conclusions

• Among heat treatments, cooking durian seed (CDSM) increased protein digestibility and AMEn of the diets.
  
  
• The 5.0 and 7.5% CDSM in the diets supported higher protein digestibility than those of 0 and 12.5% CDSM in the diets.
  
  
• The use of higher levels (10.0 and 12.5%) of CDSM in the diets improved AMEn of the diet, compared to 10.0 and 12.5% of both SDDSM and RDSM in the diets.
  
  
• The inclusion of 7.5% CDSM in the diet increased feed intake and body weight gain of broiler chickens.

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Received 8 May 2018; Accepted 15 May 2018; Published 1 August 2018

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