| Livestock Research for Rural Development 28 (12) 2016 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
This research investigated the effect of adding tomato powder to fish oil-containing diet on performance and egg quality of native laying hens. One hundred twenty native laying hens with initial hen day production of 60.83±8.48% (coefficient of variation 8.48%) were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design experiment with 4 treatments and 6 replications (each replications consisted of 5 birds). Treatments used were PO: basal feed + 2.5% palm oil (control); FO: basal feed + 2.5% fish oil; FO-0.5TP: basal feed + 2.5% fish oil + 0.5% tomato powder; FO-1.0TP: basal feed + 2.5% fish oil + 1.0% tomato powder.
The treatments did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, egg weight, and egg mass. Fish oil-containing diet (FO) showed lower (P<0.05) hen day production and feed conversion ratio compared to the other diets, However, addition of tomato powder in fish oil-containing diet, had no significant differences in hen day production and feed conversion ratio when compared to control group. There were no significant effects (P>0.05) of treatments on egg shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, shell surface area, albumen weight, Haugh Unit, yolk weight, and yolk color. The conclusion of this experiment is that adding tomato powder could ameliorate negative effect of fish oil-containing diet on hen day production and feed conversion ratio of native laying hens.
Keywords: antioxidant, hen day production, omega-3, oxidative stress, poultry
Nowadays, there is a growing interest on investigation of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) as functional food components. Some health benefits offered by consuming this nutrient such as decrease risk of cardiovascular disease, optimize visual ability and improve cognitive functions in children (Gogus and Smith 2010, Yashodhara et al 2009). However, previous study reported that minimum intake (250 mg/day) of n-3 FA does not met by people in the most countries worldwide (Sioen et al 2009).
In order to help increase n-3 FA intake, production of enriched-egg becomes an interesting way. Egg are accepted to be consumed by most people worldwide, either as such or as food ingredients (Fraeye et al 2012). Previous research also reported that fatty acid profile of egg are easily modified by dietary manipulation (King et al 2012, Liu et al 2011). In addition, to obtain n-3 FA enriched-egg, some dietary supplements such as fish oil, flaxseed, or microalgae usually added to laying hens diet (Fraeye et al 2012, Lemahieu et al 2015).
Fish oil is the most common dietary supplement in the production of n-3 FA enriched-egg. Fish oil contain high amount of n-3 FA mainly consisted by EPA (7-18%) and DHA (6-13%) (Pike and Jackson 2010). Current research also indicate that fish oil had higher efficiency of n-3 FA accumulation to the egg yolk (55%) as compared to flaxseed (6%) and microalgae (30%) (Lemahieu et al 2015). However, addition of fish oil in laying hens diet can possibly induce oxidative stress (Miret et al 2003), that will interfere animal health, growth, and reproduction (Surai 2002).
Possible effort to minimize oxidative stress caused by fish oil is by adding antioxidant. Tomato and its processed products is potential antioxidant sources due to its phytochemical content. Tomato containing lycopene as main phytochemical content. The amount of lycopene in tomato is 0.9-55.5 mg/100g (Chauhan et al 2011). Lycopene is one of strong antioxidant source due to is highly unsaturated open straight hydrocarbon structure consisted by 11 conjugated and 2 unconjugated double bonds (Mackinnon et al 2011). Not only lycopene, tomato also contains vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid which simultaneously show antioxidant activity (Borguini and Torres 2009, Kotíková et al 2011). Furthermore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect adding tomato powder to fish oil-containing diet on performance and egg quality of native laying hens.
One hundred twenty 28-weeks-old female native laying hens (Gallus turcicus) were housed in individual battery cages. The birds received 12 h of light per day. Composition and nutrient content of dietary treatments showed in Table 1. The dietary treatments were given for 6 weeks (30-36 weeks old) period.
|
Table 1. Composition and nutrient content of dietary treatments |
||||
|
Feedstuff |
PO |
FO |
FO-0.5TP |
FO-1.0TP |
|
Corn, % |
40 |
39.3 |
39.9 |
40.2 |
|
Rice polishing, % |
29.5 |
25.8 |
24.7 |
24.1 |
|
Soybean meal, % |
16.5 |
22.1 |
22 |
21.8 |
|
Corn gluten meal, % |
4.5 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
|
Palm oil, % |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Fish oil, % |
0 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
|
Tomato powder, % |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
1 |
|
DL-methionine, % |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Salt, % |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Limestone, % |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
|
Vitamin-mineral mix, % |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
|
Total, % |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
Calculated nutrient content |
||||
|
Metabolizable energy, Kcal/kg |
2700 |
2700 |
2700 |
2700 |
|
Crude protein, % |
17.3 |
17.3 |
17.3 |
17.3 |
|
Ether extract, % |
6.14 |
7.96 |
7.84 |
7.81 |
|
Crude fiber, % |
2.34 |
2.31 |
2.41 |
2.51 |
|
Calcium, % |
3.31 |
3.31 |
3.32 |
3.32 |
|
Phosphorus, % |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
|
Lysine, % |
0.8 |
0.93 |
0.92 |
0.91 |
|
Methionine, % |
0.42 |
0.4 |
0.39 |
0.39 |
|
Methionine + Cysteine, % |
0.64 |
0.61 |
0.61 |
0.61 |
Feed was supplied twice daily, 50 g/bird was fed at 08.00 am and another 50 g/bird was given at 02.00 pm (total 100 g/bird daily). Water was supplied ad libitum. During the adaptation period of 14 days, all birds only received basal feed. During this period, average initial hen day production was 60.83±5.16% (coefficient of variation was 8.48%) and average egg weight was 41.81±2.23% (coefficient of variation 5.32%). After adaptation period, the 120 native laying hens were randomly distributed in 24 groups with 4 treatments and 6 replications (each replication consisted of 5 birds). Treatments used were PO: basal feed (control); FO : basal feed + 2.5% fish oil; FO-0.5TP : basal feed + 2.5% fish oil + 0.5% tomato powder; FO-1.0TP: basal feed + 2.5% fish oil + 1.0% tomato powder. Each dietary treatments were formulated to have similar amount of metabolizable energy (2700 Kcal/kg) and crude protein (17.3 %) content.
During experimental period, the averages of feed intake, hen day production, and egg weight were registered on daily basis. Egg mass and feed conversion ratio were calculated weekly. Egg mass was determined by calculating hen day production x egg weight. Feed conversion ratio was determined by calculating feed intake / egg mass.
At the end of experiment, 72 eggs (3 from each repetition) were randomly collected for egg quality analysis. Egg shape index was determined by calculating (egg length / egg width) x 100 (Sandi et al. 2013). After that, eggs were broken and egg contents were poured onto a horizontal glass. Shell weight was measured after drying at 50oC for 2 hours, then albumen and yolk were separated and weighed individually (Englmaierová et al. 2014). Shell thickness was determined by calculating the mean of triplicate measurement from different sides of shell (Güçlü et al 2008). Shell surface was calculated by 4π x (1/4 (egg length + egg width))2 (Rath et al 2015). Haugh Unit was measured using formula HU=100 x log (H - 1.7 W 0.37 + 7.57) (Saleh 2013). Yolk color scale was measured using Roche Yolk Color Fan (Carrillo-Dominguez et al 2012).
Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Significant treatments was further analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Effect of dietary fish oil and its combination with tomato powder on performance of native laying hens are presented in Table 2. Result showed that the treatments did not give effect on feed intake. This may be due to isocaloric and isonitrogenous dietary treatments used in this research which led to the same feed intake. Several previous research also noted that fish oil supplementation and its combination with other antioxidant sources had no effect on feed intake in poultry (Carrillo-Domínguez et al 2012, Malayoğlu et al 2009).
|
Table 2. Effect of adding tomato powder to fish oil-containing diet on performance of native laying hens |
||||||
|
Variables |
PO |
FO |
FO-0.5TP |
FO-1.0TP |
SEM |
p |
|
92.2 |
93.6 |
89.8 |
94.3 |
0.643 |
0.054 |
|
|
Hen day production, % |
55.5b |
50.2a |
56.2b |
57.9b |
0.918 |
0.01 |
|
Egg weight, g/egg |
42.1 |
41.3 |
40.9 |
41.4 |
0.207 |
0.251 |
|
Egg mass, g/bird |
23.4 |
21.2 |
23.1 |
24 |
0.401 |
0.063 |
|
4.01a |
4.65b |
4a |
4.05a |
0.095 |
0.029 |
|
|
ab Means in the same row without common letter are different at P<0.05 |
||||||
As shown in Table 2, dietary fish oil (FO group) had lower hen day production as compared to a control diet. This finding may be caused by the presence of n-3 PUFA in fish oil which possibly increase oxidative stress in poultry. Previous reports showed that oxidative stress has been associated with the deterioration of physiological function such as animal health, growth, and reproduction (Surai 2002), and proved to reduce egg production in laying hens (Eid et al 2008). However, addition of tomato powder, both in FO-0.5TP and FO-1.0TP groups, had no significant differences in hen day production as compared to control group. This finding may be associated with phytochemical content of tomato including lycopene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid which could decrease oxidative stress (Borguini and Torres, 2009, Kazim et al 2006, Kotíková et al 2011). This activity then possibly maintains egg production of laying hens.
In this current research egg weight and egg mass of native laying hens were not affected by dietary treatments. This is in agreement with previous research which reported that dietary sardine oil in combination with vitamin E also found no effect on egg weight and egg mass (Carrillo-Domínguez et al 2012). Meanwhile, Mariod et al (2015) reported that fish oil supplementation increase egg weight of laying hens compared to olein oil supplementation.
Table 2 showed that dietary fish oil (FO group) had worst feed conversion ratio as compared than other treatments. This is related to the decrease of hen day production which also found in FO group. In addition, this current research showed that tomato powder could ameliorate negative effect of dietary fish oil. As shown in Table 2, FO-0.5TP and FO-1.0TP groups had no significant differences of feed conversion ratio compared with PO groups. This result may be also related with no significant different effect on hen day production between FO-0.5TP and FO-1.0TP groups with PO group.
Data describing the effect of dietary fish oil and its combination with tomato powder on egg quality of native laying hens are summarized in Table 3. No significant different effects (P>0.05) were reported among treatments on egg shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, shell surface area, albumen weight, Haugh Unit, yolk weight, and yolk color. This is in agreement with previous finding which also reported that there were no effect of dietary fish oil and its combination with tomato powder on egg shape index, albumen weight, and yolk weight of native laying ducks (Andri et al 2015).
|
Table 3. Effect of adding tomato powder to fish oil-containing diet on egg quality of native laying hens |
||||||
|
Variables |
PO |
FO |
FO-0.5TP |
FO-1.0TP |
SEM |
p |
|
Egg shape index |
78.4 |
75.6 |
76.4 |
76 |
0.495 |
0.181 |
|
Shell weight, g |
4.71 |
4.65 |
4.66 |
4.41 |
0.062 |
0.332 |
|
Shell thickness, mm |
0.47 |
0.48 |
0.48 |
0.46 |
0.004 |
0.298 |
|
Shell surface area, cm2 |
63.4 |
64.6 |
63.9 |
62.5 |
0.471 |
0.451 |
|
Albumen weight, g |
18.2 |
20.5 |
20.1 |
20.3 |
0.549 |
0.45 |
|
Haugh unit |
58 |
57.1 |
53.8 |
59.7 |
1.53 |
0.607 |
|
Yolk weight, g |
15.8 |
15 |
14.3 |
14.2 |
0.303 |
0.184 |
|
Yolk color scale |
8.25 |
9 |
9.17 |
8.83 |
0.167 |
0.239 |
The authors acknowledge financial support from Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education and Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education.
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Received 11 October 2016; Accepted 13 October 2016; Published 1 December 2016