| Livestock Research for Rural Development 19 (3) 2007 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD News | Citation of this paper |
A total of nineteen thousand eight hundred eggs were collected from parent stock farm during this study period for three treatments Timsen, Ambicide and Fumigation. Nine hatches under one treatment were observed by breakout analysis and six thousand six hundred eggs for each treatment were taken for the experiment. Timsen ( n-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 40%, stabilized urea 60%) and Ambicide ( tertiary alky lamine and a twin chain quaternary ammonium compound ) were diluted with water at a rate of 1g/lit. water and 10 ml/lit. water respectively for making disinfectant solution. Data were analyzed using CRD with the help of SPSS programme.
Among three treatments, percentage of good chick was apparently highest (85.79) with Timsen, medium with Fumigation (85.36) and lowest with Ambicide (84.09) (P>0.05). The percentage of infertile eggs was found to be insignificant. Percentage of culled chicks was significantly (p<0.05) highest with fumigation (2.47) and lowest with, but had similarity between Timsen (1.79) and Ambicide (1.61). Percentage of dead chicks was significantly highest with Ambicide (0.24) and lowest with Timsen (0.09). Dead in shell (DIS) percentage of mid was highest with Ambicide and lowest with Timsen. Pip live percentage found to be significantly highest with Fumigation (0.71) and lowest with Timsen (0.27) and Ambicide (0.26). Rotten egg percentage was significantly highest with Ambicide (2.33) and lowest with Fumigation (1.06). There is found that percentage of good chicks to be highest and dead chicks were lowest using Timsen compared to Ambicide and Fumigation but percentage of chicks culled, pip live and live inside are higher with Fumigation than any other disinfectant.
Therefore, it can be recommended that Timsen may be effective disinfectant for using in the hatchery at a lower cost.
Key words: Ambicide, disinfectant, egg, fumigation, hatchability, Timsen
Disinfecting is a fundamental process in poultry hatchery where
facing a wide variety of pathogen such as bacteria, fungi, viruses
and protozoa. The poultry industry work in difficult conditions for
the adequate functioning of a biocide which can destroy all the
micro-organism. The presence of organic material, humidity, diverse
water quality, hardness and pH level enormously affect the
efficiency of the disinfectants and offer an ideal atmosphere for
the development and reproduction of various micro-organisms. For
these reasons, the hatchery man should carefully select the biocide
to be used and one that will provide the best possible conditions
for its optimum performance. The research was conducted with two
new sanitizer, Timsen and Ambicide. Timsen (N- Alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride), was effective for killing populations of
bacteria that are of concern to the poultry industry. Populations
of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis,
Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes),
spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, P.putida,
P.fragi and Shewanella putrefaciens), aerobic
bacteria and coliform bacteria were exposed to various levels of
Timsen then monitored to determine their survival rate. Timsen was
able to completely eliminate the pathogenic bacteria tested at
concentrations of 150 ppm or less, which is much lower than the
allowable use concentration of 400 ppm. Timsen eliminated or
reduced the growth of spoilage bacteria at a level of 200 ppm or
less. It eliminated Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100 ppm.
It also significantly inhibited the growth of aerobic and coliform
populations of bacteria, Russell (2000). On the other hand,
Ambicide is a pale yellow synergistic and unique blend of tertiary
alkyl amine and a twin chain quaternary ammonium compound. It also
contains a foam booster to provide excellent foaming
characteristics. Ambicide had high effect on some avian bacterial
strains, Massi et al (2000a; 2000b). There is a normal practice of
fumigation of hatching egg just after laying and receiving eggs.
There is no question about the efficacy of fumigation as dry
disinfectant. It is a cheaper disinfectant but has carcinogenic
effect. As a result most of the developed country has imposed ban
on it. Moreover fumigation is a bothersome job needs leak proof
room, making eye itching for workers, and bad odour also. This
research was conducted to examine the effect of sanitizers on the
microbial loads of hatchability traits and to find out a
disinfectant alternative to fumigation for more safe use at
hatchery.
The study was conducted at Aftab Bahumukhi Farm Ltd. Bhagalpur, Bajitpur under district of Kishoregonj of Bangladesh from September 10 to October 29, 2005. Kasila Parent aged 48 weeks were used in this experiment.
Three disinfectant Timsen, Ambicide and Fumigation were taken as treatment for disinfecting the egg just after receiving at hatchery (Table 1).
|
Table 1. Cost and quantity of disinfectant used in experiment |
|||
|
Name |
Used |
Price |
Price of used quantity |
|
Timsen (dilution in water) |
9gm |
4060 TK/kg |
37.54 TK |
|
Ambicide (dilution in water) |
80ml |
772.50 TK/Lt |
61.80 TK |
|
KMno4 |
144gm |
381TK/kg |
54.86 TK |
|
Formalin |
288ml |
70 TK/Lt |
20.16 TK |
Timsen (n-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 40%, stabilized urea 60%) and Ambicide (tertiary alkylamine and a twin chain quaternary ammonium compound ) were diluted with water at a rate of 1g/litre water and 10 ml/litre water respectively for making disinfectant solution in two hand sprayer separately. After receiving, eggs were sprayed vigorously with earlier prepared disinfectant of Timsen & Ambicide separately. Same amount of eggs were fumigated simultaneously.
A total of nineteen thousand eight hundred eggs were collected from parent farm for three treatments- Timsen, Ambicide and Fumigation. Nine hatches under one treatment were observed by breakout analysis and six thousand six hundred eggs for each treatment were taken for the experiment. The birds were reared on floor cum slat management and exposed to natural day light of 12 hours/day and 4 hours artificial light per day. All birds fed diets containing 17.50% crude protein (CP), 2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) per kg diet.
Hatching eggs were collected twice a day at 11:30h and 15:30h. Good shaped and sound shell eggs were selected and sprayed with Timsen and Ambicide solution and fumigated also. Nineteen thousand eight hundred eggs (six thousand six hundred eggs for each treatment) were collected over the whole collection periods.
Proper cleaning, disinfection and fumigation were conducted before setting eggs. A multistage Petersime setter having capacity of 115200 eggs was used for incubation. Proper temperature, humidity, turning and ventilation was maintained during incubation period. Setting dry bulb temperature was 99.3° F and wet bulb temperature was 83.5° F. Turning one time per hour and ventilation 40 to 100% was recorded. On the 9-10th day of incubation the eggs were candled to identify and remove infertile or clean, rotten eggs and eggs with dead embryos. The remaining eggs were transferred from the setting trays to hatching trays. On the day 21, the number of hatched chicks including good, dead, piped live, piped unhatched dead and live inside the shell chicks after hatch were counted separately. During incubation period hatchery sanitation was strictly maintained.
All the data were analyzed for ANOVA using a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) with the help of a computer package program
SPSS version 11.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science).
Significance differences to compare mean values of all parameters
among the treatments were found out using Least Significant
Differences (LSD).
The effect of different disinfectant on hatchability traits are presented in Table 2.
|
Table 2. Performance of Timsen, Ambicide and Fumigation on different hatchability traits |
||||||||
|
Parameter, % |
Timsen |
Ambicide |
Fumigation |
F-value |
Significant Level |
|||
|
Mean |
SE |
Mean |
SE |
Mean |
SE |
|||
|
Good chicks |
85.8 |
0.73 |
84.1 |
0.73 |
85.4 |
0.73 |
1.7 |
NS |
|
Infertile eggs |
3.27 |
0.26 |
3.35 |
0.26 |
3.24 |
0.26 |
0.065 |
NS |
|
Culled chicks |
1.79a |
0.23 |
1.61a |
0.23 |
2.47b |
0.23 |
4.23 |
* |
|
Dead chicks |
0.09a |
0.053 |
0.25b |
0.05 |
0.17ab |
0.053 |
2.28 |
* |
|
DIS-Early |
3.59 |
0.36 |
4.05 |
0.36 |
3.56 |
0.36 |
0.61 |
NS |
|
DIS-Mid |
1.09a |
0.19 |
1.74b |
0.19 |
1.20ab |
0.19 |
2.99 |
* |
|
DIS- late |
1.48 |
0.17 |
1.59 |
0.17 |
1.52 |
0.17 |
0.267 |
NS |
|
Pip unhatched dead |
0.27 |
0.06 |
0.26 |
0.06 |
0.26 |
0.06 |
0.08 |
NS |
|
Pip live |
0.38a |
0.10 |
0.36a |
0.10 |
0.71b |
0.10 |
3.80 |
* |
|
Live inside |
0.23 |
0.067 |
0.27 |
0.07 |
0.29 |
0.07 |
0.20 |
NS |
|
Rotten eggs |
1.64ab |
0.43 |
2.33a |
0.43 |
1.06b |
0.43 |
2.97 |
* |
|
NS= Non-significant; DIS
–Dead in shell; |
||||||||
Among three disinfectants, percentage of good chicks was highest (85.8) with Timsen, medium with fumigation (85.4) and lowest with Ambicide (84.1) but had no significant difference among them. The percentage of infertile eggs was also apparently highest with Ambicide, medium with Timsen and lowest with Fumigation regardless of their effects on hatchability. But percentage of culled chicks were significantly (p<0.05) highest with fumigation (2.47), the result is supported by Moustafa (2004) and lowest with, but had similarity between Timsen (1.79) and Ambicide (1.61) meaning that they had superior good effects to decrease the bacterial effects over fumigation process. Dead chicks were also produced significantly highest with Ambicide (0.25) and lowest with Timsen (0.09), but there was found resemblance between Fumigation and Timsen, and Fumigation and Ambicide (P<0.05). Byerly and Olsen (1934) reported that percent of dead embryos may be more influenced by managemental factors.
There was no significant difference among the treatments in Dead in shell (DIS) percentage of early and late but apparently highest with Ambicide, medium with Fumigation and lowest with Timsen. On the other hand, Dead in shell (DIS) percentage of mid with Ambicide observed to be highest (1.74) and lowest with Timsen (1.09) but Fumigation had similarity between Timsen and Ambicide (P<0.05).
Reema-Saikia et al (2002) reported formaldehyde fumigation had
highest effect on pip unhatched dead chicks. In this study
percentage of pip unhatched dead percentage had no significant
different between them but pip live percentage was significantly
highest with Fumigation (0.71) and lowest with Timsen (0.38) and
Ambicide (0.36). No variation was found among the treatments in
percentage of live inside. Percentage of rotten egg produced to be
considerably highest (P<0.05) with Ambicide (2.33) which is
supported by Massi et al (2000 a; 2000b) and lowest with
Fumigation (1.06), but appears to be similarity between Ambicide
and fumigation with Timsen.
Considering the overall performance on hatchability traits and cost of disinfectants used, it can be concluded that Timsen and Ambicide have some effects on hatchability traits of eggs.
Percentage of good chick is apparently highest and that of dead chicks is significantly lowest with Timsen compared to Ambicide and Fumigation.
Percentage of culled chicks, percentage of piped live and percentage of live inside is higher with Fumigation than any other disinfectant.
Timsen was used at a lowest cost compared to other disinfectants.
Amongst three disinfectants highest percentage of good chicks were found using a quantity with lowest cost in case of Timsen.
Therefore, Timsen as a disinfectant can be
used by spraying on hatching eggs at hatchery instead of fumigation
because of its carcinogenic effect.
Byerly T C and Olsen M W 1934 Causes of the embryonic malposition head under left wing. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 15: 158-162.
Massi P, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Beghian M A and Zamboni S 2000a In vitro efficacy of Antec Virkon - Antec Farm Fluid and Antec Ambicide on some avian bacterial strains . Meeting of Italian Society of Poultry Pathology on Campylobacter infections in poultry. Forli, Italy, 5-6 October.
Massi P, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Beghian M A and Zamboni S 2000b In vitro Efficacy of Antec Virkon - Antec Farm Fluid and Antec Ambicide on some Avian bacterial strains. Selezione Veterinaria, Italy, November 11: 1061- 1054.
Moustafa G Z 2004 Effect of sanitation on the microbial load and hatchability of Broiler breeder eggs. Veterinary Medical Journal 52(4): 575-587.
Reema- Saikia, Baruah K K, Sapcota D and Hazarika M 2002 Effect of Formaldehyde fumigation and antibiotic treatment on position of Dead embryos in unhatched chicken eggs. Indian Veterinary Journal 79 (1): 56-58.
Russell S M 2000 Effect of a novel sanitizer on pathogenic, spoilage and indicator populations of bacteria from chicken carcasses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9(3): 393-402.
Received 15 January 2007; Accepted 23 January 2007; Published 1 March 2007